0610_s21_qp_43
A paper of Biology, 0610
Questions:
6
Year:
2021
Paper:
4
Variant:
3
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1
The main component of milk is a liquid that is an important solvent in the body. State the name of this solvent. Table 1.1 shows some of the nutrients found in human milk, the elements that make up the nutrients, the enzymes that digest them and the products of digestion. Complete Table 1.1. Table 1.1 nutrient elements enzyme products of digestion protein fat lactose (milk sugar) C, H, O galactose and glucose (simple sugars) Milk also contains vitamins and mineral salts. Explain why vitamin D is important for the nutrition of children. Explain why iron is important in the diet. Rubella and kwashiorkor are two diseases that affect children. Rubella is a transmissible disease and kwashiorkor is a non-transmissible disease. Define the term transmissible disease. Explain why women should be vaccinated against rubella before they reach reproductive age. Outline the causes of kwashiorkor.
10. Diseases and immunity  →  10.1. Diseases and immunity
21. Biotechnology and genetic modification  →  21.2. Biotechnology
7. Human nutrition  →  7.1. Diet
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2
Insulin is a protein made by cells in the pancreas. shows how insulin is made in a pancreatic cell. amino acids assembled to form insulin amino acids nucleus DNA A B not to scale State the name of molecule A in . State the name of structure B in . Explain the role of molecule A in protein synthesis, as shown in . Insulin is secreted from cells in the pancreas when the concentration of glucose in the blood increases. Outline the role of insulin. State the names of two substances, other than insulin, that are secreted by the pancreas.
14. Coordination and response  →  14.4. Homeostasis
14. Coordination and response  →  14.3. Hormones
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3
Scientists measured the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves of a sunflower plant, Helianthus annuus. The scientists used the apparatus shown in to measure the rate of photosynthesis. temperature 20 °C air flow regulator chamber 1 chamber 2 chamber 3 direction of air flow timer 00:00 CO2 400 ppm CO2 360 ppm The apparatus in maintains a constant temperature and a constant humidity. Explain why temperature has an effect on the rate of photosynthesis. Explain why the rate of photosynthesis will decrease if the humidity in the apparatus becomes very low. The apparatus was left for 15 minutes. Explain how the scientists would use the readings for the concentration of carbon dioxide in chambers 1 and 3 to calculate the rate of photosynthesis. The scientists carried out another investigation using the same apparatus at different temperatures. They measured the rate of uptake of carbon dioxide in the light and then they measured the rate of release of carbon dioxide in the dark. The results are shown in . temperature / °C rate of carbon dioxide uptake and release / μg per hour per cm2 of leaf CO2 release in the dark CO2 uptake in the light Use the information in to complete Table 3.1. Table 3.1 temperature / °C rate of uptake of carbon dioxide in the light / μg per hour per cm2 of leaf rate of release of carbon dioxide in the dark / μg per hour per cm2 of leaf The scientists determined that photosynthesis in the leaves at 35 °C used carbon dioxide at a rate of 135 μg per hour per cm2 of leaf. shows that the rate of carbon dioxide uptake at 35 °C was 90 μg per hour per cm2 of leaf. Explain why the rate at which carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis is greater than the rate of carbon dioxide uptake. Explain why the results in Table 3.1 are expressed as ‘per cm2 of leaf’ rather than ‘per leaf’. Some crops are grown in controlled environments. Glasshouses are an example of a controlled environment. shows a glasshouse where lettuces are growing. Discuss the advantages of growing crops in glasshouses.
6. Plant nutrition  →  6.1. Photosynthesis
8. Transport in plants  →  8.3. Transpiration
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4
There are three species of rhinoceros in Asia. shows an Indian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, in a national park being observed by tourists who are riding on an elephant. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) collects data on animal species and places them into categories based on estimated numbers. Table 4.1 summarises the conservation status of the three species of rhinoceros, as available in 2020. Table 4.1 species location approximate number in the wild approximate number in captivity IUCN category Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis national parks in south Nepal and north India vulnerable Javan rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus one national park in Java, Indonesia critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis national parks in Sumatra and Borneo in Indonesia In 2013, Cincinnati Zoo in the USA announced that they were hoping to breed together rhinoceros that were brother and sister as part of their captive breeding programme. Discuss the problems that using such closely related animals might have for the conservation of rhinoceros. Captive breeding programmes often use artificial insemination. Outline the process of artificial insemination.
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.4. Conservation
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.2. Habitat destruction
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5
Table 5.1 shows four functions of the human gas exchange system. Complete Table 5.1 by identifying the part of the human gas exchange system that carries out each function. Table 5.1 function part of the human gas exchange system contracts to decrease air pressure in the lungs allows air to flow between the larynx and the lungs contracts to lower the ribs in forced expiration site of gas exchange Scientists investigated the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the air on the rate and depth of breathing. The people who took part in the investigation were healthy volunteers. The people breathed atmospheric air containing 0.04% carbon dioxide for five minutes. They then breathed air containing 2% carbon dioxide for five minutes and then returned to breathing atmospheric air for a further five minutes. The results are shown in . –20 –10 depth of breathing rate of breathing key: 0.04% CO2 2% CO2 0.04% CO2 time / minutes percentage change in rate and depth of breathing Describe the effects of changing the carbon dioxide concentration of the air on the rate and depth of breathing, as shown in . Complete the sentences by writing the appropriate word or phrase in the spaces provided. During physical activity the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood increases. The reason for this is an increase in the rate of that occurs in the in muscle cells. The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by the , which increases the rate and depth of breathing so that carbon dioxide can be from the body. This is important because carbon dioxide is a substance and can cause harm if it accumulates.
11. Gas exchange in humans  →  11.1. Gas exchange in humans
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6
There are four blood groups in the ABO system in humans: A, B, AB and O. The gene that determines blood group has three alleles: IA, IB and Io. Parents with the genotypes IAIo and IBIo are planning to have more children. Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability that the next child will have blood group O. parental blood groups A B parental genotypes IAIo IBIo Punnett square phenotypes of the children probability that the child will have blood group O Explain why the ABO blood group system is an example of co-dominance. shows the percentages of the global population with the four different blood groups in the ABO system. A B AB blood group percentage of the global population O With reference to , explain why the ABO blood group system is an example of discontinuous variation.
17. Inheritance  →  17.4. Monohybrid inheritance
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