0610_w19_qp_42
A paper of Biology, 0610
Questions:
6
Year:
2019
Paper:
4
Variant:
2
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1
shows four arthropods. A B C D not to scale State two features, visible in , that are common to all arthropods. is a dichotomous key for the arthropods shown in . Complete by writing suitable statements in: • box 2 to identify species B • box 3 to separate species C and A. box 1 animal has more than ten pairs of legs box 2 box 3 no yes D yes B yes A no no C START The Hawaiian happy-face spider, Theridion grallator, is found on several of the Hawaiian islands. Some of the spiders have a very distinctive pattern on their bodies as shown in . State one feature, visible in , that identifies T. grallator as an arachnid. Scientists think that the pattern on the bodies of the spiders is an adaptive feature. Explain the term adaptive feature with reference to this pattern. DNA can be extracted from the webs of spiders. This DNA can be used to identify the species of spider that made the web, and the species of prey caught in the web. Explain how DNA extracted from spider webs can be used to identify different species. Many species of spider are thought to be endangered. State three reasons why animal species such as spiders become endangered.
1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms  →  1.3. Features of organisms
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.4. Conservation
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2
shows part of a cross-section of the stem of a young sunflower plant. area Y Draw a circle around one vascular bundle on . Label the xylem in the vascular bundle with the letter X. Explain how the cells in area Y are able to support the stem so that it stays upright. Researchers used carbon dioxide that contained a traceable source of carbon (13C) to investigate translocation of sucrose from the leaves of bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris. shows that glucose produced in photosynthesis is converted to sucrose for translocation. carbon dioxide glucose sucrose Researchers selected four plants, Q, R, S and T, which had leaves that were of similar sizes. The leaves on the four plants were supplied with 13CO2. After the leaves had started to make sucrose, the researchers cut away a ring of tissue in different places as shown in . The rings of tissue that were removed from plants R, S and T contained the phloem. 13CO2 13CO2 13CO2 13CO2 Q R S T Key: the positions on the stems where rings of tissue containing phloem were removed.
8. Transport in plants  →  8.4. Translocation
6. Plant nutrition  →  6.1. Photosynthesis
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3
Cells in the lining of the stomach secrete gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. State two roles of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Describe the function of pepsin. Define the term assimilation. There are stem cells in the epithelial tissue that forms the lining of the stomach. Explain why these stem cells are necessary. The epithelial cells of the small intestine have many microvilli. State the role of the microvilli. Lactobacillus is a type of bacterium. A study was carried out to investigate the ability of Lactobacillus to attach to the epithelial cells that form the lining of the small intestine. Researchers added Lactobacillus bacteria to epithelial cells that had been grown in Petri dishes. Every 15 minutes, the researchers estimated the average number of bacteria that were attached to the epithelial cells in the Petri dishes. The results are shown in . time / minutes average number of bacteria attached to epithelial cells
7. Human nutrition  →  7.5. Absorption
7. Human nutrition  →  7.4. Chemical digestion
7. Human nutrition  →  7.2. Digestive system
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4
Explain how the human gas exchange system is protected against pathogens. Tuberculosis (TB) is a transmissible disease caused by a bacterial pathogen. The spread of this disease can be controlled by vaccination. Explain how vaccination provides a defence against transmissible diseases. TB is a disease that can be treated with antibiotics. HIV infection cannot be treated with antibiotics. Explain why viral diseases cannot be treated with antibiotics. Lung cancer is a disease that is strongly linked with smoking tobacco. shows some data about smoking and lung cancer in country A between 1900 and 2020 (2020 data has been estimated): • percentage of the male population that smoke tobacco • percentage of the female population that smoke tobacco • number of deaths in males from lung cancer per 100 000 of the male population • number of deaths in females from lung cancer per 100 000 of the female population. percentage of population that smoke tobacco deaths from lung cancer per 100 000 year male female male female Key: percentage of population that smoke tobacco deaths from lung cancer per 100 000 Describe the differences between the percentages of males and females in country A that smoke as shown in . shows the same smoking statistics for country B between 1950 and 2020.
10. Diseases and immunity  →  10.1. Diseases and immunity
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5
Grass plants are wind-pollinated. shows a flower from a species of grass plant. D B A C Describe and explain how the features of the flower shown in are adaptations for wind-pollination. State one letter in that identifies a structure where meiosis occurs. Wheat has flowers similar to those in , but reproduces by self-pollination. Explain the consequences of self-pollination for a population of plants. Wheat is an important crop plant in many countries. Wheat can be infected by diseases leading to total loss of the crop which results in famine. Outline factors, other than plant diseases, that can cause famines. Black stem rust is a disease of wheat that is caused by a fungus. Plant breeders used two varieties of wheat to produce a variety of wheat that is both rust-resistant and has a high yield. shows the breeding programme that was used. step 1 rust-resistant variety of wheat with a low yield variety of wheat with a high yield variety of wheat with a high yield variety of wheat with a high yield repeat step 3 for several generations rust-resistant variety with a high yield step 2 new variety 1 step 3 selected rust-resistant offspring × × × Suggest how plant breeders make sure that the plants that they use for step 3 are rust-resistant. Suggest why step 3 is repeated for many generations before the new rust-resistant variety is made available for farmers to grow. Wheat plants are monocotyledons. State one feature of monocotyledons that can be used to distinguish them from dicotyledons.
16. Reproduction  →  16.3. Sexual reproduction in plants
18. Variation and selection  →  18.3. Selection
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6
Carbon dioxide forms approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. shows part of the carbon cycle. plants feeding death death animals coal, oil, gas carbon dioxide decomposers A C D B Complete Table 6.1 by naming the processes labelled A to D in . Table 6.1 letter on name of the process in the carbon cycle A B C D Complete the sentences by writing the missing words in the spaces. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases trap in the atmosphere. Water vapour is the most common greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Another greenhouse gas is methane which is released from and . Carbon dioxide and methane released from human activities over the past 200 years have contributed to the greenhouse effect. Other atmospheric pollutants can cause acid rain. One of these is which is a waste gas from some power stations. One source of pollution in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is plastics.
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.3. Pollution
11. Gas exchange in humans  →  11.1. Gas exchange in humans
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