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An aeroplane of mass 2.5 × 105 kg lands with a speed of 62 m / s, on a horizontal runway at time t = 0. The aeroplane decelerates uniformly as it travels along the runway in a straight line until it reaches a speed of 6.0 m / s at t = 35 s. Calculate: the deceleration of the aeroplane in the 35 s after it lands deceleration = the resultant force acting on the aeroplane as it decelerates force = the momentum of the aeroplane when its speed is 6.0 m / s. momentum = At t = 35 s, the aeroplane stops decelerating and moves along the runway at a constant speed of 6.0 m / s for a further 15 s. On , sketch the shape of the graph for the distance travelled by the aeroplane along the runway between t = 0 and t = 50 s. You are not required to calculate distance values. distance time / s As the aeroplane decelerates, its kinetic energy decreases. Suggest what happens to this energy.

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.6. Momentum

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is the extension–load graph for a light spring S. load / N extension / cm State the range of loads for which S obeys Hooke’s law. from to Using information from , determine the spring constant k of spring S. k = A second spring, identical to spring S, is attached to spring S. The two springs are attached to a rod, as shown in . A load of 4.0 N is suspended from the bottom of spring S. The arrangement is in equilibrium. rod second spring spring S 4.0 N load State the name of the form of energy stored in the two springs when they are stretched. Determine the extension of the arrangement in . extension = cm The load is carefully increased to 6.0 N in total. Calculate the distance moved by the load to the new equilibrium position as the load increases from 4.0 N to 6.0 N. distance moved =

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.5.1. Effects of forces

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shows gas trapped in the sealed end of a tube by a dense liquid. cm3 trapped gas open end sealed end dense liquid The scale marked on the sealed end of the tube is calibrated to read the volume of gas trapped above the liquid surface. shows that initially the volume V1 of the gas is 60 cm3. The pressure of the atmosphere is 1.0 × 105 Pa. State how shows that the pressure of the trapped gas is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere. Explain, in terms of the momentum of its molecules, why the trapped gas exerts a pressure on the walls of the tube. More of the dense liquid is poured into the open end of the tube. The level of the liquid surface in both the sealed and the open ends of the tube rises as shown in . The temperature of the trapped gas and atmospheric pressure both remain constant. cm3 trapped gas open end dense liquid 15 cm sealed end In the sealed end of the tube, the volume V2 of the trapped gas is 50 cm3. In the open end of the tube, the liquid surface is 15 cm above the new level in the sealed tube. Calculate the pressure p2 of the trapped gas. pressure p2 = Calculate the density of the liquid in the tube. density =

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.8. Pressure

2. Thermal physics  →  2.1.2. Particle model

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Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 J / (kg °C) and a boiling point of 100 °C. State what is meant by boiling point. A mass of 0.30 kg of water at its boiling point is poured into a copper container which is initially at 11 °C. After a few seconds, the temperature of the container and the water are both 95 °C. Calculate the energy transferred from the water. energy transferred = Calculate the thermal capacity of the copper container. thermal capacity of the copper container = Water from the container evaporates and the temperature of the remaining water decreases slowly. Explain, in terms of molecules, why evaporation causes the temperature of the remaining water to decrease.

2. Thermal physics  →  2.2.3. Melting, boiling and evaporation

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The distance between the centre of a thin converging lens and each principal focus is 5.0 cm. Describe what is meant by the term principal focus for a thin converging lens. The lens is used as a magnifying glass to produce an image I of an object O. Underline the terms that describe the nature of the image produced by a magnifying glass. diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual is a full-scale diagram of the lens and the image I. centre of lens 1 cm 1 cm I centre of lens 1 cm 1 cm I (full-scale) 1. On , mark both principal focuses and label each of them F. 2. By drawing on , find the position of object O and add object O to the diagram. Using , determine the distance of object O from the centre of the lens. distance =

3. Waves  →  3.2.3. Thin lenses

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The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s. Calculate the range of wavelengths for sounds that are audible by a healthy human ear. wavelengths range from to Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave. shows a band in front of a building. The drum produces a low frequency sound. Other musical instruments produce a high frequency sound. These sounds are equally loud. A young man at the side of the building hears the drum but not the high frequency sounds from the other musical instruments. Explain why this happens.

3. Waves  →  3.4. Sound

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An electromagnet consists of a solenoid X that is made of copper wire. The solenoid contains an iron core. Explain why: the structure of copper makes it a suitable material for the wire iron is a suitable material for the core of an electromagnet. shows the electromagnet inside a second solenoid Y. terminals of Y iron core solenoid X solenoid Y a.c. power supply Describe and explain what happens in solenoid Y when solenoid X is connected to an alternating current (a.c.) power supply. A switch and a lamp are connected in series with the terminals of solenoid Y. When the switch is closed, the lamp lights up at normal brightness. Describe and explain what happens to the current in solenoid X when the switch is closed.

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.5.6. The transformer

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.5.3. Magnetic effect of a current

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The power supply used in an electric vehicle contains 990 rechargeable cells each of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 1.2 V. The cells are contained in packs in which all the cells are in series with each other. The e.m.f. of each pack is 54 V. Calculate the number of packs in the power supply. number of packs = When in use, each pack supplies a current of 3.5 A. Calculate the rate at which each cell is transferring chemical energy to electrical energy. rate of energy transfer = The packs are connected in parallel to supply a large current to drive the electric vehicle. Explain why it is necessary to use thick wires to carry this current.

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.2.5. Electrical energy and electrical power

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Describe how a digital signal differs from an analogue signal. You may draw a diagram. In the appropriate box, draw the symbol for an AND gate and the symbol for an OR gate. AND gate OR gate State how the behaviour of an AND gate differs from that of an OR gate. An arrangement of logic gates A, B and C is shown in . The arrangement has two inputs, X and Y and two outputs P and Q. X Y P Q A B C Output P of logic gate B has logic state 1 . Determine the logic states of the two inputs of logic gate B. upper input = lower input = Determine and explain the logic state of output Q. logic state of Q =

3. Waves  →  3.3. Electromagnetic spectrum

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.3.1. Circuit diagrams and circuit components

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represents a neutral atom of an isotope of element X. State one similarity between this atom and a neutral atom of a different isotope of element X. The isotope of element X is radioactive. It decays to form an isotope of element Y by emitting a β-particle. Using deduce the nuclide notation for the isotope of Y produced by this decay. nuclide notation: Y β-particles ionise the air they pass through less strongly than the same number of α-particles. Suggest why this is so.

5. Nuclear physics  →  5.2.3. Radioactive decay

5. Nuclear physics  →  5.1.2. The nucleus

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