18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation
A section of Biology, 9700
Listing 10 of 184 questions
Palm oil is a vegetable oil that is used very widely in food products. The oil is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm tree. Oil palm trees have a higher oil yield than that of other oil-producing plants. shows the oil yield of four crop plants. crop plant oil palms olives sunflowers soya beans oil yield / kg ha–1 yr–1 Calculate how many hectares of soya bean plants would be needed to produce the same yield of oil as one hectare of oil palm trees. Show your working and write your answer to one decimal place. answer hectares Oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia have been created by cutting down rainforests. This reduces biodiversity. Outline reasons why it is important to maintain biodiversity. Palm oil companies are now being asked to produce palm oil in a sustainable way. This means that no more deforestation should take place. Suggest ways in which individual consumers can encourage manufacturers to use palm oil from sustainable sources.
9700_w20_qp_41
THEORY
2020
Paper 4, Variant 1
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Describe a method that could be used to estimate the population size of a mobile animal, such as a brown rat. The soft rush plant, Juncus effusus, grows in many habitats in Northern Europe. An investigation was carried out to assess whether there was a relationship between the height of soft rush plants and the altitude at which they grow on exposed hillsides. The mean height of 10 soft rush plants was calculated at each of eight different altitudes. The results are shown in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 altitude / m mean height of soft rush plants / cm The statistical test, Spearman’s rank correlation , was applied to find out if there was a relationship between the altitude and the mean height of the soft rush plants. The formula for calculating Spearman’s rank correlation is: rs = 1 – (6 × ΣD2 n3 – n ) • ΣD2 is the sum of the differences between the ranks of the two samples • n is the number of samples. In this investigation the value of ΣD2 is 164. Calculate the value of rs. Show your working and write your answer to two decimal places. rs = Use your value for rs to evaluate the relationship between the altitude and the mean height of the soft rush plants.
9700_w20_qp_42
THEORY
2020
Paper 4, Variant 2
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Palm oil is a vegetable oil that is used very widely in food products. The oil is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm tree. Oil palm trees have a higher oil yield than that of other oil-producing plants. shows the oil yield of four crop plants. crop plant oil palms olives sunflowers soya beans oil yield / kg ha–1 yr–1 Calculate how many hectares of soya bean plants would be needed to produce the same yield of oil as one hectare of oil palm trees. Show your working and write your answer to one decimal place. answer hectares Oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia have been created by cutting down rainforests. This reduces biodiversity. Outline reasons why it is important to maintain biodiversity. Palm oil companies are now being asked to produce palm oil in a sustainable way. This means that no more deforestation should take place. Suggest ways in which individual consumers can encourage manufacturers to use palm oil from sustainable sources.
9700_w20_qp_43
THEORY
2020
Paper 4, Variant 3
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Ecological surveys are conducted before conservation decisions are made. For example, surveys can be carried out before deciding whether to reintroduce a species to its former habitat. Outline how an ecological survey can measure the biodiversity of a terrestrial habitat. Table 3.1 lists some mammal species that became extinct in Great Britain or were introduced into Great Britain in the last 12 400 years. The reasons for each extinction or introduction and the time of each event are shown. Table 3.1 species number of years before present time event reason arctic fox 12 400 extinction climate change sheep 5 400 introduction farming house mouse 3 500 introduction accidental lynx 1 500 extinction hunting fallow deer introduction food South American coypu introduction fur South American coypu extinction conservation culling Non-governmental and government organisations are working together to reintroduce a lynx population to its former habitat in a remote part of Great Britain. Lynx are predatory big cats. shows a lynx. Suggest the factors that need to be considered by organisations to successfully reintroduce and restore a breeding population of lynx in Great Britain.
9700_w21_qp_41
THEORY
2021
Paper 4, Variant 1
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Biodiversity can be considered at three different levels. , and are images that show these three different levels of biodiversity. Describe the level of biodiversity most clearly visible in each image. Prairie strips are restored habitat areas planted with native grasses and wildflowers. Prairie strips are usually located between or around the edges of fields of maize or soy bean. Students in North America wanted to investigate biodiversity along a prairie strip. Outline how the students could measure the biodiversity of plants and insects along a prairie strip. plants insects Mathematical methods and statistical tests help to summarise and compare biodiversity data. Name the mathematical method or statistical test that the students can use: to estimate the total biodiversity of a prairie strip to test whether plant biodiversity is associated with insect biodiversity. Prairie strips have environmental and economic effects. Scientists have made long-term measurements of the environmental effects of prairie strips. The scientists found that when prairie strips formed 10% of a crop-field: • soil erosion decreased by 95% • mineral loss from the field decreased by 90% for phosphorus compounds • mineral loss from the field decreased by 85% for nitrogen compounds. Crop plants need phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) to grow. Evaluate the economic effects of prairie strips on farming.
9700_w21_qp_42
THEORY
2021
Paper 4, Variant 2
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Ecological surveys are conducted before conservation decisions are made. For example, surveys can be carried out before deciding whether to reintroduce a species to its former habitat. Outline how an ecological survey can measure the biodiversity of a terrestrial habitat. Table 3.1 lists some mammal species that became extinct in Great Britain or were introduced into Great Britain in the last 12 400 years. The reasons for each extinction or introduction and the time of each event are shown. Table 3.1 species number of years before present time event reason arctic fox 12 400 extinction climate change sheep 5 400 introduction farming house mouse 3 500 introduction accidental lynx 1 500 extinction hunting fallow deer introduction food South American coypu introduction fur South American coypu extinction conservation culling Non-governmental and government organisations are working together to reintroduce a lynx population to its former habitat in a remote part of Great Britain. Lynx are predatory big cats. shows a lynx. Suggest the factors that need to be considered by organisations to successfully reintroduce and restore a breeding population of lynx in Great Britain.
9700_w21_qp_43
THEORY
2021
Paper 4, Variant 3
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The grey wolf, Canis lupus, is a large predator. During the 20th century, the grey wolf in south-west Europe was hunted almost to extinction. shows a grey wolf. State the genus of the grey wolf. Suggest and explain the effects on the biodiversity of south-west Europe if the grey wolf becomes extinct. Grey wolves can have territories of up to 950 km2. Grey wolves can travel up to 1000 km to start a new population. State reasons why the mark-release-recapture method is not suitable for estimating the size of a grey wolf population. In 1992, new laws were introduced across south-west Europe to protect the grey wolf. shows the distribution of grey wolf populations in south-west Europe in 1970 and 2012. No grey wolves from captive-breeding populations were released into the wild in south-west Europe during the period from 1970 to 2012. key to populations 1 Iberian 2 Sierra Morena 1000 km 3 Italian 4 Alpine Table 2.1 shows the sizes of the populations of grey wolf shown in . Table 2.1 population size of population in 1970 size of population in 2012 percentage change 1 Iberian 2 Sierra Morena –90 3 Italian +700 4 Alpine Complete Table 2.1 to show the percentage change in the size of the Iberian grey wolf population from 1970 to 2012. Write your answer in the table to the nearest whole number. With reference to and Table 2.1, describe the changes to the grey wolf populations in south-west Europe from 1970 to 2012. In regions of south-west Europe where grey wolf populations are present, farmers are concerned for the safety of their livestock, such as sheep. Suggest how governments can help farmers who are concerned for the safety of their livestock. Suggest measures that could help to protect wild populations of grey wolves in south-west Europe.
9700_m21_qp_42
THEORY
2021
Paper 4, Variant 2
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The American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, was classified as an endangered species by the USA in 1975. It is found in estuarine regions of southern Florida. shows an American crocodile. The salinity of the water was thought to play a part in the distribution of the American crocodile. shows the number of American crocodile nest sites in areas with water of varying salinity in southern Florida. number of nest sites 0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 water salinity / parts per thousand 21-25 26-30 31-35 Describe the results shown in . Much conservation work has been done in the Everglades National Park in Florida, which is a large wetland area. As a result the number of nest sites has increased from 8 in 1975 to 31 in 2000. This has led to a rise in the number of crocodiles. Calculate the percentage increase in nest sites between 1975 and 2000. Show your working. answer % Suggest two reasons why the population of crocodiles in the Everglades National Park has increased. 1. 2.
9700_s10_qp_42
THEORY
2010
Paper 4, Variant 2
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Questions Discovered
184