14.2. Temperature scales
A subsection of Physics, 9702, through 14. Temperature
Listing 10 of 15 questions
State the reason why two objects that are at the same temperature are described as being in thermal equilibrium. shows the variations with temperature of the densities of mercury and of water between 0 °C and 100 °C. density temperature / °C mercury density temperature / °C water Temperature may be measured using the variation with temperature of the density of a liquid. Suggest why, for measuring temperature over this temperature range: mercury is a suitable liquid water is not a suitable liquid. A beaker contains a liquid of mass 120 g. The liquid is supplied with thermal energy at a rate of 810 W. The beaker has a mass of 42 g and a specific heat capacity of 0.84 J g–1 K–1. The beaker and the liquid are in thermal equilibrium with each other at all times and are insulated from the surroundings. shows the variation with time t of the temperature of the liquid. temperature / °C t / s State the boiling temperature, in °C, of the liquid. temperature = °C Determine the specific heat capacity, in J g–1 K–1, of the liquid. specific heat capacity = J g–1 K–1 The experiment in is repeated using water instead of the liquid in . The mass of liquid used, the power supplied, and the initial temperature are all unchanged. The specific heat capacity of water is approximately twice that of the liquid in . The boiling temperature of water is 100 °C. On , sketch the variation with time t of the temperature of the water between t = 0 and t = 60 s. Numerical calculations are not required.
9702_s23_qp_43
THEORY
2023
Paper 4, Variant 3
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A resistance thermometer and a thermocouple thermometer are both used at the same time to measure the temperature of a water bath. Explain why, although both thermometers have been calibrated correctly and are at equilibrium, they may record different temperatures. State in what way the absolute scale of temperature differs from other temperature scales, what is meant by the absolute zero of temperature. The temperature of a water bath increases from 50.00 °C to 80.00 °C. Determine, in kelvin and to an appropriate number of significant figures, the temperature 50.00 °C, temperature = K the change in temperature of the water bath. temperature change = K
9702_w11_qp_43
THEORY
2011
Paper 4, Variant 3
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shows a laboratory thermometer that is calibrated to measure temperature in degrees Celsius. -10 capillary mercury bulb glass tube The thermometer makes use of the fact that the density of mercury varies with temperature. State two other physical properties of materials, apart from the density of a liquid, that can be used for measuring temperature. The thermometer is initially at 23.0 °C, as shown in . It is used to measure the temperature of an insulated beaker of water that is at 37.4 °C. The bulb of the thermometer is inserted into the water, and the water is stirred until the reading on the thermometer becomes steady. The mass of water in the beaker is 18.7 g. The mass of mercury in the thermometer is 6.94 g. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1. The specific heat capacity of mercury is 0.140 J g–1 K–1. The glass of the thermometer and the beaker containing the water can be considered to have negligible heat capacity. Calculate, to three significant figures, the final steady temperature indicated by the thermometer in the water. temperature = °C Suggest one change that could be made to the design of the thermometer that would enable it to give a more accurate measurement of temperature. Explain why the thermometer in does not provide a direct measurement of thermodynamic temperature. Thermodynamic temperature T may be determined by the behaviour of a type of substance for which T is proportional to the product of pressure and volume. State the name of this type of substance.
9702_w22_qp_41
THEORY
2022
Paper 4, Variant 1
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shows a laboratory thermometer that is calibrated to measure temperature in degrees Celsius. -10 capillary mercury bulb glass tube The thermometer makes use of the fact that the density of mercury varies with temperature. State two other physical properties of materials, apart from the density of a liquid, that can be used for measuring temperature. The thermometer is initially at 23.0 °C, as shown in . It is used to measure the temperature of an insulated beaker of water that is at 37.4 °C. The bulb of the thermometer is inserted into the water, and the water is stirred until the reading on the thermometer becomes steady. The mass of water in the beaker is 18.7 g. The mass of mercury in the thermometer is 6.94 g. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1. The specific heat capacity of mercury is 0.140 J g–1 K–1. The glass of the thermometer and the beaker containing the water can be considered to have negligible heat capacity. Calculate, to three significant figures, the final steady temperature indicated by the thermometer in the water. temperature = °C Suggest one change that could be made to the design of the thermometer that would enable it to give a more accurate measurement of temperature. Explain why the thermometer in does not provide a direct measurement of thermodynamic temperature. Thermodynamic temperature T may be determined by the behaviour of a type of substance for which T is proportional to the product of pressure and volume. State the name of this type of substance.
9702_w22_qp_43
THEORY
2022
Paper 4, Variant 3
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Questions Discovered
15