21.3. Genetic modification
A subsection of Biology, 0610, through 21. Biotechnology and genetic modification
Listing 10 of 70 questions
Some blood-clotting disorders can be inherited. Describe what is meant by the term inheritance. Describe the process of blood-clotting. Genetic modification has been used to produce human proteins. One protein made in this way is factor VIIa which is used to treat some blood clotting disorders. shows part of the process. human cells DNA extracted DNA cut with enzyme A plasmid plasmid cut with enzyme A cut DNA and cut plasmid joined using enzyme B to form C C inserted into bacteria bacteria are grown in a fermenter and produce factor Vlla State the names of enzyme A and enzyme B in . A B Explain why it is important that enzyme A is used to cut both the human DNA and the plasmid. State what the letter C in represents. Explain why the contents of the fermenter in are stirred constantly. Bacteria can be used to make complex molecules. Describe two other reasons why bacteria are useful in biotechnology. Describe two ways animal cells differ from bacterial cells. Crop plants such as soya can also be genetically modified. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetic modification of crop plants.
0610_w24_qp_43
THEORY
2024
Paper 4, Variant 3
View
For Examiner's Use Antibiotics are used to treat human diseases. Many bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. Some antibiotics can no longer be used to treat certain diseases. Samples of bacteria were taken from a person who had an infectious disease. They were spread onto four Petri dishes of agar (agar plates). Three of these agar plates contained the antibiotics 1, 2 or 3. The results are shown in . agar plate contains no antibiotic agar plate contains antibiotic 1 agar plate contains antibiotic 2 agar plate contains antibiotic 3 bacterial growth no bacteria key Explain why: no bacteria grew in the agar plate with antibiotic 2; bacteria grew in the agar plate with antibiotic 3; For Examiner's Use only a small number of bacteria grew with antibiotic 1. Explain why it is important to carry out a test similar to that shown in before giving an antibiotic to a person infected with a bacterial disease. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem worldwide. Suggest how the problem of antibiotic resistance can be limited. For Examiner's Use Hormones are used to treat a variety of conditions. The most common hormonal treatment is the use of insulin to treat diabetes. Most of the insulin is produced using cells that are grown in large fermenters. These cells have been genetically engineered to produce human insulin. shows the stages involved in transferring the gene for insulin from human cells to bacterial cells. P gene from human cell removed from chromosome 11 Q bacterium produces human insulin R plasmid vector enters bacterium S gene for human insulin found to be on chromosome 11 T bacterium divides by binary fission V gene for human insulin inserted into a plasmid vector Put the stages into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you. S Q Diabetes is often treated with human insulin that has been produced by genetically modified cells. In most countries this type of insulin has replaced the insulin that was prepared from animals. Suggest the advantages of providing human insulin to people with diabetes rather than insulin obtained from animals.
0610_s13_qp_32
THEORY
2013
Paper 3, Variant 2
View
Questions Discovered
70