21. Biotechnology and genetic modification
A section of Biology, 0610
Listing 10 of 260 questions
For Examiner's Use Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. shows the process used to produce penicillin. pH monitor temperature monitor acid or alkali fungus and nutrients filtrate containing penicillin residue waste gases sterile air cooling water in cooling water out stirring paddles water jacket fermenter filter For Examiner's Use Enzymes in the fungus are used to make penicillin. Explain why there is a water jacket around the fermenter and why acids or alkalis are added to the fermenter. water jacket addition of acids or alkalis For Examiner's Use shows the mass of fungus and the yield of penicillin during the fermentation process. time / hours 100 120 140 160 mass of fungus / g dm–3 yield of penicillin / arbitrary units nutrients added penicillin penicillin fungus fungus penicillin fungus State the time interval over which the fungus grew at the maximum rate. As the fungus grows in the fermenter, the nuclei in the fungal hyphae divide. State the type of nuclear division that occurs during the growth of the fungus in the fermenter. For Examiner's Use Explain why the growth of the fungus slows down and stops. Penicillin is not needed for the growth of P. chrysogenum. State the evidence from that shows that penicillin is not needed for this growth. The people in charge of the penicillin production emptied the fermenter at 160 hours. Use the information in to suggest why they did not allow the fermentation to continue for longer. For Examiner's Use Downstream processing refers to all the processes that occur to the contents of the fermenter after it is emptied. This involves making penicillin into a form that can be used as a medicine. Explain why downstream processing is necessary. Explain why antibiotics, such as penicillin, kill bacteria but not viruses.
0610_w11_qp_31
THEORY
2011
Paper 3, Variant 1
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Define the term genetic engineering. is a flow diagram that shows how insulin can be produced using genetic engineering. R Q L M N O P Table 6.1 shows stages in the production of insulin by genetic engineering. Complete Table 6.1. The first row has been done for you. Table 6.1 letter from name description M chromosomes threads of DNA found in the nucleus section of DNA removed from human cell plasmid type of cell that is genetically engineered specific chain of amino acids coded by the section of DNA removed from the human cell fermenter The genetically engineered cells in reproduce asexually. Explain the advantages of asexual reproduction for insulin production by genetic engineering.
0610_w15_qp_33
THEORY
2015
Paper 3, Variant 3
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Questions Discovered
260