describe the transport of water from the soil to the xylem through the: • apoplast pathway, including reference to lignin and cellulose • symplast pathway, including reference to the endodermis, Casparian strip and suberin

explain how rice is adapted to grow with its roots submerged in water, limited to the development of aerenchyma in roots, ethanol fermentation in roots and faster growth of stems

describe the role of abscisic acid in the closure of stomata during times of water stress, including the role of calcium ions as a second messenger