Older MCQs might not have the typical A, B, C,
D
choices. They
have choices 1, 2, 3, and a combination of them is the answer. Below is the key that maps such
combinations to the answer.
A
1, 2 and 3 are correct
B
1 and 2 only are correct
C
2 and 3 only are correct
D
1 only is correct
describe the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition reactions of hydrogen cyanide with aldehydes and ketones in 17.1.2(b)
describe the following reactions of alkenes: (a) the electrophilic addition of (i) hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction, \( H_2(g) \) and Pt/Ni catalyst and heat (ii) steam, \( H_2O(g) \) and \( H_3PO_4 \) catalyst (iii) a hydrogen halide, \( HX(g) \), at room temperature (iv) a halogen, \( X_2 \) (b) the oxidation by cold dilute acidified \( KMnO_4 \) to form the diol (c) the oxidation by hot concentrated acidified \( KMnO_4 \) leading to the rupture of the carbon–carbon double bond and the identities of the subsequent products to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules (d) addition polymerisation exemplified by the reactions of ethene and propene
define covalent bonding as electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a shared pair of electrons (a) describe covalent bonding in molecules including: - hydrogen, H\(_2\) - oxygen, O\(_2\) - nitrogen, N\(_2\) - chlorine, Cl\(_2\) - hydrogen chloride, HCl - carbon dioxide, CO\(_2\) - ammonia, NH\(_3\) - methane, CH\(_4\) - ethane, C\(_2\)H\(_6\) - ethene, C\(_2\)H\(_4\) (b) understand that elements in period 3 can expand their octet including in the compounds sulfur dioxide, SO\(_2\), phosphorus pentachloride, PCl\(_5\), and sulfur hexafluoride, SF\(_6\) (c) describe coordinate (dative covalent) bonding, including in the reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases to form the ammonium ion, NH\(_4^+\), and in the Al\(_2\)Cl\(_6\) molecule
