describe the role of NO and NO\(_2\) in the formation of acid rain both directly and in their catalytic role in the oxidation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide

state and explain the variation in the oxidation number of the oxides (Na₂O, MgO, Al₂O₃, P₄O₁₀, SO₂ and SO₃ only) and chlorides (NaCl, MgCl₂, AlCl₃, SiCl₄, PCl₆ only) in terms of their outer shell (valence shell) electrons

define covalent bonding as electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a shared pair of electrons (a) describe covalent bonding in molecules including: - hydrogen, H\(_2\) - oxygen, O\(_2\) - nitrogen, N\(_2\) - chlorine, Cl\(_2\) - hydrogen chloride, HCl - carbon dioxide, CO\(_2\) - ammonia, NH\(_3\) - methane, CH\(_4\) - ethane, C\(_2\)H\(_6\) - ethene, C\(_2\)H\(_4\) (b) understand that elements in period 3 can expand their octet including in the compounds sulfur dioxide, SO\(_2\), phosphorus pentachloride, PCl\(_5\), and sulfur hexafluoride, SF\(_6\) (c) describe coordinate (dative covalent) bonding, including in the reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases to form the ammonium ion, NH\(_4^+\), and in the Al\(_2\)Cl\(_6\) molecule