(a) describe covalent bonds in terms of orbital overlap giving σ and π bonds: - σ bonds are formed by direct overlap of orbitals between the bonding atoms - π bonds are formed by the sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the σ bond (b) describe how the σ and π bonds form in molecules including H\(_2\), C\(_2\)H\(_6\), C\(_2\)H\(_4\), HCN and N\(_2\) (c) use the concept of hybridisation to describe sp, sp\(^2\) and sp\(^3\) orbitals

state the names and formulas of the common acids, limited to hydrochloric acid, HCl, sulfuric acid, \( H_2SO_4 \), nitric acid, \( HNO_3 \), ethanoic acid, \( CH_3COOH \)

interpret and use the general, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas of the classes of compound stated in the table on pages 29 and 30