use bond energies (\(\Delta H\) positive, i.e. bond breaking) to calculate enthalpy change of reaction, \(\Delta H_r\)

describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is: (a) giant ionic, including sodium chloride and magnesium oxide (b) simple molecular, including iodine, buckminsterfullerene \( C_{60} \) and ice (c) giant molecular, including silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond (d) giant metallic, including copper

describe ionic bonding including the examples of sodium chloride, magnesium oxide and calcium fluoride