9700_m19_qp_22
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
6
Year:
2019
Paper:
2
Variant:
2
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1
and are photomicrographs of sections through the leaves of two different plants. is a photomicrograph of a section through a leaf of Cornish heath, Erica vagans. C B A is a photomicrograph of a section through a leaf of Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara. C B A and are not shown at the same magnification. Cells labelled A, B and C in and each form a different tissue. Name each tissue formed. tissue formed from A tissue formed from B tissue formed from C Erica vagans and Cedrus deodara are xerophytic plants. With reference only to xerophytic features, describe the differences between the leaves of E. vagans and C. deodara visible in and . Transpiration is a consequence of gas exchange in leaves. Explain why the rate of transpiration is greater during the day than during the night.
7. Transport in plants  →  7.1. Structure of transport tissues
7. Transport in plants  →  7.2. Transport mechanisms
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2
In mammalian red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase has an important role in the transport of carbon dioxide. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme. Outline the features of an enzyme. Complete to show the reversible reaction involving carbonic anhydrase that takes place within red blood cells. body tissues lungs A ribbon structure of a molecule of carbonic anhydrase is shown in . The zinc ion is associated with the active site of the enzyme and is essential for the enzyme to function. zinc ion The molecule of carbonic anhydrase has primary, secondary and tertiary structure. Explain the extent to which shows the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of carbonic anhydrase.
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.2. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3. Enzymes  →  3.1. Mode of action of enzymes
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.2. Respiration
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3
In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030. The aim of this global strategy, which follows on from the 2008 Global Malaria Action Plan (GMAP), is to make progress in the control and elimination of malaria. Both the global strategy and GMAP aim to reduce: • the case incidence (number of new cases each year) of malaria • the mortality rate (number of deaths each year) from malaria. shows data for the four countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region that had the highest proportion of cases of malaria in 2015. For each of these four countries, the percentage change in the case incidence and the percentage change in the mortality rate over the five-year period from 2010 to 2015 are shown. –100 –80 –60 –40 –20 +20 +40 +60 +80 +100 percentage change Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) Cambodia case incidence mortality rate Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Key With reference to , describe the progress made in the control of malaria in the four countries between 2010 and 2015. All the countries shown in supplied households at risk of malaria with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This is one of the recommendations in the GMAP and the global strategy. Describe and explain the role of ITNs. Another recommendation of the global strategy is to carry out rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) of individuals who may have malaria. This involves testing human blood samples for the presence of proteins specific to Plasmodium. Test sticks can be used. Table 3.1 contains information about two RDT test sticks. Table 3.1 test stick Plasmodium protein tested for species of Plasmodium that produce the protein pLDH (parasite lactate dehydrogenase) P. vivax P. falciparum P. ovale P. malariae HRP-2 (histidine-rich protein 2) P. falciparum only Some details of the design of these RDT test sticks are shown in . area with immobilised monoclonal antibodies area containing mobile monoclonal antibodies labelled with a coloured dye direction of movement of blood sample test window blood sample added to this area The immobilised monoclonal antibodies in the test window are not visible. If the blood sample contains a Plasmodium protein that can be detected by the RDT test stick: • the mobile monoclonal antibodies bind to one part of the protein • the immobilised monoclonal antibodies bind to another part of the protein • a coloured line in the test window indicates a positive result for the protein. With reference to Table 3.1 and , explain why test stick 1 and test stick 2 will contain different mobile monoclonal antibodies. Two blood samples were removed from a person. One sample was added to test stick 1 and the other sample was added to test stick 2. With reference to Table 3.1 and , explain what can be diagnosed for this person from a positive result for test stick 1 and a negative result for test stick 2.
10. Infectious diseases  →  10.1. Infectious diseases
2. Biological molecules  →  2.1. Testing for biological molecules
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4
In a double circulatory system, blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit of the body. The complete circuit consists of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. is a diagram of a vertical section through the mammalian heart. The differences in the thickness of cardiac muscle in the walls of the four chambers of the heart are shown. right atrium left atrium left ventricle cardiac muscle right ventricle Explain, with reference to their functions, the difference in the thickness of the walls of the left ventricle and right ventricle of the heart. The alveolus is the gas exchange surface in mammals. For efficient oxygen uptake, a steep diffusion gradient is maintained between the alveolar air and the blood. Suggest how the steep diffusion gradient for oxygen is maintained at the gas exchange surface. Compared to when they were non-smokers, the ability of people who smoke tobacco to deliver oxygen to their body tissues is reduced. Two causes of this reduction include: • a decrease in the volume of air per breath moving towards the alveoli • a decrease in the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. Suggest one reason why smoking tobacco, even after only a short time, may cause a decrease in the volume of air per breath moving towards the alveoli. Explain why smoking tobacco causes a decrease in the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen.
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.2. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
9. Gas exchange  →  9.1. The gas exchange system
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5
Human prolactin (hPRL) is a globular protein. It is a single polypeptide composed of 199 amino acids. The protein is transported in the bloodstream and has an effect only on cells that have a cell surface membrane protein known as PRLR. One effect of hPRL is to stimulate cells in the mammary glands to produce breast milk. Cells that have been stimulated by hPRL need more glucose and therefore the passive uptake of glucose increases. State one reason why the cells in the mammary glands that have been stimulated by hPRL need more glucose. An experiment was carried out to investigate the movement of glucose and hPRL across Visking tubing membrane. • A short section of Visking tubing, tied at both ends and containing distilled water, was placed into a beaker containing a solution of glucose and hPRL. • After 20 minutes, separate samples of the solution in the Visking tubing and the solution in the beaker were each tested for the presence of protein and reducing sugar. A summary of the methods used, the experimental results and the deductions made are shown in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 sample method used colour obtained after testing deduction solution in Visking tubing biuret solution added to sample protein absent from solution in Visking tubing solution in beaker protein present in solution in beaker solution in Visking tubing Benedict’s solution added to sample and mixture heated in a water-bath reducing sugar present in solution in Visking tubing solution in beaker reducing sugar present in solution in beaker Complete the column in Table 5.1 headed colour obtained after testing. With reference to the deductions made in Table 5.1, explain the movement of hPRL and reducing sugar across Visking tubing membrane. Outline how glucose crosses the cell surface membranes of the cells of the mammary glands. The production of milk by the cells of the mammary glands involves the action of several different enzymes. The cell surface membranes of these cells contain the membrane protein PRLR. shows an outline summary of hPRL involvement in the production of breast milk. anterior pituitary cells at the base of the brain synthesis and release of hPRL membrane protein PRLR milk not to scale milk mammary gland cells capillary hPRL Explain why the production of breast milk can be described as an example of a cell signalling process.
2. Biological molecules  →  2.1. Testing for biological molecules
14. Homeostasis  →  14.1. Homeostasis in mammals
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6
Plant and animal cells carry out mitosis to form two genetically identical cells from one original cell. State other reasons why mitosis is important in both plants and animals. Plant cells require microtubules to form structures that are needed for mitosis. Name one of these structures. During the mitotic cell cycle, free nucleotides are used for the synthesis of both types of nucleic acid: RNA and DNA. Complete sentences A, B, C and D to provide information about nucleotides and the synthesis of nucleic acids. Write the correct term in the spaces provided in each sentence. A Each nucleotide has three main components: a group, a (5 carbon) sugar and a nitrogenous organic base. B The nitrogenous organic base of a nucleotide is either a purine or a . C In a DNA nucleotide, the sugar is deoxyribose and in an RNA nucleotide the sugar is . D The synthesis of RNA from a template strand of DNA is known as . A virus named Pandoravirus salinus was discovered in 2013 by French scientists. The virus was so large that the scientists initially thought that P. salinus was a bacterium. P. salinus was confirmed to be a virus after further research. List three key features of viruses. The dimensions of viruses are usually stated in nanometres . As P. salinus is so big, it has been described as 1 µm long and 0.5 µm wide. Convert the width of P. salinus to nanometres. width = nm
6. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis  →  6.1. Structure of nucleic acids and replication of DNA
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