9700_s13_qp_21
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
6
Year:
2013
Paper:
2
Variant:
1
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1
Examiner s Use Capillaries are known as exchange vessels. Substances are exchanged between blood and tissue fluid as the blood flows through the capillaries. is an electron micrograph of a section through a capillary with two red blood cells. B Y X A magnification × 5700 Name the cells labelled A and the structure labelled B. A B Calculate the actual distance X – Y on . Show your working and give your answer to the nearest micrometre (μm). answer μm For Examiner’s Use Explain how capillaries are adapted for their function as exchange vessels. Table 1.1 shows the composition of blood, tissue fluid and lymph. Table 1.1 component blood tissue fluid lymph red blood cells / cells mm−3 × 106 5.1 0.0 0.0 white blood cells / cells mm−3 9 000 1 000 000 glucose / g dm−3 protein / g dm−3 Explain the differences between the composition of blood, tissue fluid and lymph as shown in Table 1.1, for white blood cells, glucose and protein. white blood cells glucose protein For Examiner’s Use Outline how red blood cells are involved in the transport of carbon dioxide.
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.1. The circulatory system
9. Gas exchange  →  9.1. The gas exchange system
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3
For Examiner’s Use Transpiration is often described as an ‘inevitable consequence of gas exchange in plants’. Explain what is meant by this statement. The buttonwood tree, Conocarpus erectus, grows in coastal areas of the Americas. A study was carried out on its ability to survive on Socorro Island off the Pacific coast of Mexico. The island is exposed to high winds, which can lead to high rates of transpiration. The transpiration rates of trees at sheltered and exposed locations at the same altitude on Socorro Island were compared. The results are shown in . 00.00 1.0 2.0 3.0 transpiration rate / arbitrary units sheltered location 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.0 04.00 08.00 12.00 time of day 16.00 20.00 24.00 sheltered location exposed location exposed location For Examiner’s Use Describe the results shown in . The leaves of the buttonwood trees at the exposed site were significantly smaller than those at the sheltered site. Describe three ways, other than small size, in which leaves are adapted to reduce the rate of transpiration. 1. 2. 3.
7. Transport in plants  →  7.2. Transport mechanisms
14. Homeostasis  →  14.2. Homeostasis in plants
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4
For Examiner’s Use shows the two base pairs in a DNA molecule. N J K L N N N N N H N CH3 H H O O adenine N N N N N N O N H N H H H H O Name the bases labelled J and K and the bond labelled L. J K L HIV enters T-lymphocytes by a form of endocytosis. Two of the enzymes in HIV are: • reverse transcriptase, which uses viral RNA as a template to make DNA to incorporate into the chromosomes of the host’s cells • protease, which is used to break a polypeptide into smaller molecules. These molecules are used to make the protein coat of new viral particles, which will infect other cells. Various drugs have been developed to treat HIV infections. Table 4.1 gives information about some of these drugs. Table 4.1 drug enzyme inhibited mode of action zidovudine reverse transcriptase occupies active site tenofovir reverse transcriptase occupies active site efavirenz reverse transcriptase occupies sites other than the active site atazanavir protease occupies active site For Examiner’s Use Explain the difference between the mode of action of zidovudine and efavirenz. People who receive drug treatment for HIV take a mixture of drugs that act in different ways. Suggest the advantage of taking a mix of the drugs shown in Table 4.1. Antibiotics are prescribed to people who have HIV/AIDS for the treatment of secondary infections, but not to treat the HIV infection. Explain why this is so.
6. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis  →  6.1. Structure of nucleic acids and replication of DNA
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5
For Examiner’s Use shows a section of a cell surface membrane. P Q W R State the functions of structures P, Q and R. P Q R Circle the width of the membrane shown as W in . 17.0 μm 1.7 μm 0.7 μm 70.0 nm 17.0 nm 7.0 nm 0.7 nm Membranes, such as the cell surface membrane, are described as having a fluid mosaic structure. Explain what is meant by the term fluid mosaic. For Examiner’s Use Aquaporins are membrane channel proteins in plant and animal cells. They permit the movement of water across membranes. Explain why they are necessary.
4. Cell membranes and transport  →  4.1. Fluid mosaic membranes
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6
Explain how uncontrolled cell division can result in cancer. Describe the experimental evidence that shows that smoking causes lung cancer. For Examiner’s Use shows the changes in mortality rates for lung cancer in five countries between 1950 and 2006 for males. year of death United States Spain Finland United Kingdom Hungary mortality rate from lung cancer / deaths per 100 000 With reference to , describe the similarities and differences in the trends in mortality rates in the countries shown. Copyright Acknowledgements: Figure 1.1 © Wellcome Images; http://images.wellcome.ac.uk.
5. The mitotic cell cycle  →  5.1. Replication and division of nuclei and cells
19. Genetic technology  →  19.2. Genetic technology applied to medicine
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