11.2. Antibodies and vaccination
A subsection of Biology, 9700, through 11. Immunity
Listing 10 of 181 questions
A person’s blood group is determined by antigens present on the red blood cells. The table shows the antigens and antibodies in the blood of people with different blood groups. blood group antigens on red blood cells antibodies in plasma A A anti-B B B anti-A AB A and B neither O neither anti-A and anti-B During a blood transfusion, it is essential that the recipient’s blood does not contain antibodies to the donor’s blood. Which blood groups can be given to a person with blood group B?
9700_m16_qp_12
MCQ
2016
Paper 1, Variant 2
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Morbillivirus, which causes measles, and the human immunodeficiency virus (Hshare these common features: • outer envelope surrounding the protein coat • RNA as the genetic material • infect cells of the immune system. Compare the modes of transmission of Morbillivirus and HIV. Antibiotics are not used to treat viral infections. Explain why antibiotics do not affect viruses. The structure of Morbillivirus is shown in . Haemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein (F) are glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope. haemagglutinin (H) fusion protein (F) viral envelope viral polymerase nucleoprotein (protein coat and nucleic acid) Morbillivirus only infects cells that have a membrane glycoprotein known as signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). When Morbillivirus infects a cell, H acts before F. After the virus binds to the host cell, only the nucleoprotein with the viral polymerase enters the host cell and the virus is replicated. New viral particles leave the host cell by budding from the cell surface membrane of the cell. This forms the main part of their envelope. With reference to and the information provided on pages 9 and 10, outline the structural features of the viral envelope of Morbillivirus suggest how Morbillivirus infects a cell with SLAM glycoproteins so that only nucleoprotein and viral polymerase enter suggest the role of viral polymerase in Morbillivirus. HIV has an antigen known as p24. One test for an early diagnosis of HIV infection uses a monoclonal antibody that identifies antigen p24. State the type of biological molecule that is represented by antigen p24. Outline how the monoclonal antibody against antigen p24 is produced.
9700_m16_qp_22
THEORY
2016
Paper 2, Variant 2
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Two people, G and H, were each given an injection to protect them against a particular pathogen. One person was injected with antibodies. The other person was injected with a vaccine. The graph shows the concentrations of the antibody against this pathogen in the blood of the two people, G and H, over a period of 20 days following the injection. time / days antibody concentration / arbitrary units G H time of injection Which row correctly describes the type of immunity shown...
9700_m17_qp_12
MCQ
2017
Paper 1, Variant 2
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is a simplified diagram representing a section through the human immunodeficiency virus (Hparticle that causes HIV / AIDS. The diagram shows the virus particle about to attach to the cell surface membrane of a T-helper cell at a receptor protein called CD4. A second protein called CCR5 is also necessary for the virus particle to enter and then infect the T-helper cell. HIV particle glycoprotein viral envelope viral nucleic acid cell surface membrane of T-helper cell CD4 receptor protein CCR5 coreceptor protein X Identify structure X in . Explain how the ability of the immune system to resist the damaging effects of a pathogen is affected by destruction of T-helper cells. Studies have shown that some individuals did not become infected with HIV even though they were repeatedly exposed to the virus. Later discoveries indicated that these individuals had a mutation in the gene for the CCR5 coreceptor protein. Suggest how mutation of the gene for the CCR5 coreceptor protein provided protection against HIV infection. The use of monoclonal antibodies against the CCR5 coreceptor protein (anti-CCR5) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of HIV infection. Outline how anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies can be synthesised in the laboratory using the hybridoma method.
9700_m24_qp_22
THEORY
2024
Paper 2, Variant 2
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Questions Discovered
181