11.2. Antibodies and vaccination
A subsection of Biology, 9700, through 11. Immunity
Listing 10 of 181 questions
Use Two people took part in a study to find out the effectiveness of two types of immunisation. Person A received an injection of antibodies against tetanus and person B received a tetanus vaccination. Over the new few weeks, the blood from these two people was analysed for the presence of antibodies to tetanus. The results are shown in A and B. antibody concentration / arbitrary units time / days B antibody concentration / arbitrary units time / days A booster vaccination Name the types of immunity shown by A and B. A B Examiner’s Use Explain why the antibody concentration in person A, decreased during the study period did not increase. Sketch on B, on page 10, what you would expect to happen to the antibody concentration if person B received a booster vaccination at day 60. Put your answer to this question on B on page 10. Explain why, in this investigation, the experimenters had to measure the concentration of antibodies to tetanus rather than the concentration of all antibodies in the blood of A and B.
9700_s07_qp_2
THEORY
2007
Paper 2, Variant 0
View
Some of the steps in the production of monoclonal antibodies are shown in . step 1 A mouse is injected with an antigen, A. step 2 The mouse is left for a few weeks to allow an immune response to occur. step 3 Plasma cells (effector B lymphocytes) are extracted from the mouse’s spleen. step 4 Hybridoma cells are formed. step 5 Each hybridoma cell is isolated and allowed to grow and divide. step 6 The hybridoma cells producing anti-A antibodies are identified and cultured on a large scale. With reference to , explain: what happens during an immune response (step 2) what is meant by a hybridoma cell (step 4) why hybridoma cells need to be formed (step 4) how hybridoma cells producing anti-A antibody can be identified. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which T lymphocytes attack the cartilage of joints by secreting a protein, TNFα. When RA is untreated, joint damage increases considerably. The monoclonal antibody, infliximab, is used to treat RA. Infliximab specifically binds to TNFα. A trial was set up to compare the effectiveness of infliximab and a standard treatment for RA, the anti-inflammatory drug, MTX. Five groups of people with RA received the following treatments for one year: • group P – MTX only • group Q – MTX plus low dosage of infliximab at intervals of eight weeks • group R – MTX plus low dosage of infliximab at intervals of four weeks • group S – MTX plus high dosage of infliximab at intervals of eight weeks • group T – MTX plus high dosage of infliximab at intervals of four weeks. At the end of the year’s treatment, the proportion of people in each group with increased joint damage was determined. The results are shown in . The number of people in each group is shown in brackets. P (64) Q (71) R (71) S (77) T (66) group percentage of patients with increased joint damage number of patients With reference to : describe the effect of infliximab treatment on these people suggest why the results in groups Q and R do not follow the general trend. Explain the advantages of the use of monoclonal antibodies, compared with conventional methods, in the diagnosis of disease.
9700_s12_qp_41
THEORY
2012
Paper 4, Variant 1
View
Some of the steps in the production of monoclonal antibodies are shown in . step 1 A mouse is injected with an antigen, A. step 2 The mouse is left for a few weeks to allow an immune response to occur. step 3 Plasma cells (effector B lymphocytes) are extracted from the mouse’s spleen. step 4 Hybridoma cells are formed. step 5 Each hybridoma cell is isolated and allowed to grow and divide. step 6 The hybridoma cells producing anti-A antibodies are identified and cultured on a large scale. With reference to , explain: what happens during an immune response (step 2) what is meant by a hybridoma cell (step 4) why hybridoma cells need to be formed (step 4) how hybridoma cells producing anti-A antibody can be identified. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which T lymphocytes attack the cartilage of joints by secreting a protein, TNFα. When RA is untreated, joint damage increases considerably. The monoclonal antibody, infliximab, is used to treat RA. Infliximab specifically binds to TNFα. A trial was set up to compare the effectiveness of infliximab and a standard treatment for RA, the anti-inflammatory drug, MTX. Five groups of people with RA received the following treatments for one year: • group P – MTX only • group Q – MTX plus low dosage of infliximab at intervals of eight weeks • group R – MTX plus low dosage of infliximab at intervals of four weeks • group S – MTX plus high dosage of infliximab at intervals of eight weeks • group T – MTX plus high dosage of infliximab at intervals of four weeks. At the end of the year’s treatment, the proportion of people in each group with increased joint damage was determined. The results are shown in . The number of people in each group is shown in brackets. P (64) Q (71) R (71) S (77) T (66) group percentage of patients with increased joint damage number of patients With reference to : describe the effect of infliximab treatment on these people suggest why the results in groups Q and R do not follow the general trend. Explain the advantages of the use of monoclonal antibodies, compared with conventional methods, in the diagnosis of disease.
9700_s12_qp_43
THEORY
2012
Paper 4, Variant 3
View
B-lymphocytes have antibodies located on their external surface. When B-lymphocytes become plasma cells they then secrete antibodies. shows how the enzyme papain digests an antibody to obtain three fragments. s s s s papain cleavage site fragment A fragment B fragment C X s s s s s s s s s s s s shows the location of the region where papain acts. State one role of this region in the intact antibody molecule. The three fragments, A, B and C still retain their ability to function. State the function of: fragments A and B fragment C. The region labelled X in is hydrophilic in antibodies that are secreted by plasma cells, whereas in antibodies located on the surface of B-lymphocytes, region X is hydrophobic. Suggest reasons for this difference. Papain is a globular protein with a tertiary structure but no quaternary structure. State how many polypeptides there are in a molecule of papain. Explain how the tertiary structure of the protein results in papain being globular.
9700_s14_qp_22
THEORY
2014
Paper 2, Variant 2
View
Questions Discovered
181