9700_w15_qp_23
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
5
Year:
2015
Paper:
2
Variant:
3
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1
Antibodies are secreted by activated B-lymphocytes known as plasma cells. is a diagram showing the cellular processes involved in the production of a polypeptide of an antibody molecule (not drawn to scale). DNA mRNA A D B C Name structures A, B and C. A B C Name molecule D. D State what is occurring at 1, 2 and 3. at 1 at 2 at 3 Antibodies are glycoproteins. State what is meant by the term glycoprotein. The genes responsible for antibody production are found on different chromosomes, such as chromosomes 2 and 14 in humans. Explain how one antibody molecule is the product of more than one gene. Describe and explain how the structure of an antibody molecule is related to its functions.
11. Immunity  →  11.2. Antibodies and vaccination
6. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis  →  6.2. Protein synthesis
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2
Most of the water lost from plants passes out through the stomata of leaves. The distance between open guard cells is known as the stomatal aperture, as shown in . stomatal aperture Researchers investigated the effect of stomatal aperture on rates of transpiration in leaves of Tradescantia zebrina under two conditions: • air kept moving by a fan (moving air) • non-moving air. The results are shown in . stomatal aperture / +m rate of transpiration / g m–2 h–1 moving air non-moving air Compare the effect of stomatal aperture on the rate of transpiration in T. zebrina in the two conditions. Explain the effect of stomatal aperture on rates of transpiration in non-moving and moving air. Spruce trees and pine trees are adapted to dry conditions where water can be in limited supply. shows two stomata in a spruce leaf and shows a vertical section through a stoma from a pine leaf. Explain how the stomatal features shown in and give an advantage to plants such as spruce and pine. Some plants that live in very dry conditions close their stomata during the day and open them at night. State one disadvantage of this for these plants. State and explain two adaptations that plant leaves have for survival in dry conditions other than those involving number or structure of stomata. 1. 2.
14. Homeostasis  →  14.2. Homeostasis in plants
7. Transport in plants  →  7.2. Transport mechanisms
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3
The enzyme catalase is found in many plant and animal tissues. The enzyme catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which is a toxic product of metabolism. The reaction is: catalase 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O A research team investigated the activity of two forms of catalase, P and Q, extracted from Anopheles gambiae, an important vector of malaria. The team investigated the effect of increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on the activity of these two forms of catalase. The results are shown in . concentration of hydrogen peroxide / mM activity of catalase / arbitrary units catalase P catalase Q With reference to , describe and explain the effect of increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the activity of catalase P. Each molecule of catalase consists of four identical polypeptides. The two forms of catalase in A. gambiae differ by only one amino acid at position 2 in the amino acid sequence. Catalase P has serine and catalase Q has tryptophan. Suggest how the difference in one amino acid is responsible for the lower activity of catalase Q compared with catalase P. Female mosquitoes feed on blood in order to produce their eggs. After feeding, the metabolic rate increases for egg production. The researchers allowed female mosquitoes to feed on blood. They found that female mosquitoes with only catalase P produced more eggs than those with only catalase Q. Suggest why there is a difference in egg production between the two types of A. gambiae. Metal ions can act as a non-competitive inhibitor of catalase. Explain how copper ions can act as a non-competitive inhibitor. Enzyme inhibitors can also inhibit carrier proteins in cell surface membranes. Explain why carrier proteins are required in cell surface membranes. Describe three roles of cell surface membranes, other than the transport of substances into and out of cells. 1. 2. 3.
3. Enzymes  →  3.1. Mode of action of enzymes
3. Enzymes  →  3.2. Factors that affect enzyme action
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4
Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide molecule that is stored in the liver, kidney and muscles of mammals. shows a small part of a molecule of glycogen. CH2OH C O O H H C H OH H C C C O CH2OH CH2 C O H H C H OH H C C C O CH2OH C O O H H C H OH H C C C O C O H H C H OH H C CH2OH C O H OH H H C H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H C C C O C C O X Name the bond at X. State the advantages for a mammal of having a storage molecule that is highly branched. State two ways in which the structure of cellulose differs from the structure of glycogen. 1. 2. Glycogen from animals and starch from plants form a large part of the energy intake of humans. is a flow chart that shows the energy input, in one growing season, into a field of a cereal crop which is processed to provide animal feed. solar energy = 9 × 107 kJ energy absorbed by cereal plants in photosynthesis processing to produce 140 kg of animal feed energy in the cereal crop harvested = 4 500 000 kJ energy in feed = 2 000 000 kJ initial mass of animals = 25 kg final mass of animals = 75 kg mass gain in 12 weeks = 50 kg energy in 50 kg of animals for human consumption = 385 000 kJ Calculate the percentage of the energy in animal feed that is converted into energy available for human consumption. Show your working. answer Explain why the energy available to humans from feeding on animal products is much less than if the energy came directly from crop plants, such as cereals.
2. Biological molecules  →  2.2. Carbohydrates and lipids
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.1. Energy
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5
Nicotine and carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke contribute to damage to the cardiovascular system. Explain how nicotine and carbon monoxide contribute to damage to the coronary arteries. nicotine carbon monoxide One type of surgical treatment for coronary heart disease is to use arteries from the chest and veins from the leg to by-pass blockages as shown in . vein (from leg) plaque blockage internal mammary artery (from chest) aorta Explain how the two by-passes shown in provide an effective treatment for coronary heart disease. The cost of treating heart disease is very high. Suggest the steps that governments could take to reduce heart disease in the population.
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.3. The heart
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.1. The circulatory system
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