9700_s11_qp_43
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
11
Year:
2011
Paper:
4
Variant:
3
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1
The natterjack toad, Bufo calamita, is an endangered amphibian species in the UK. It comes out of hibernation in April and breeds in pools by sand dunes along parts of the UK coast. A young natterjack toad will take about 10 weeks to develop from a fertilised egg. A natterjack toad feeds at night, by running at its prey, mainly insects and worms, on the sand dunes. shows a natterjack toad. Suggest what may have caused the natterjack toad to become an endangered species in the UK. For Examiner’s Use shows the number of adult natterjack toads counted from 1989 to 1997 in one area of the UK. year number of toads Calculate the mean annual number of adult natterjack toads counted from 1989 to 1997. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. Show your working. answer For Examiner’s Use The natterjack toad is heterotrophic. Explain what is meant by heterotrophic. Name two kingdoms that are exclusively heterotrophic. 1. 2. Each year the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) publishes a list of endangered species called the Red List. The Red List has a very high proportion of vertebrates compared to invertebrates. Suggest one reason why the Red List has many more vertebrates than invertebrates.
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.3. Conservation
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.2. Biodiversity
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2
For Examiner’s Use Outline how an enzyme can be immobilised in alginate. State two advantages, other than stability, of using an immobilised enzyme in an industrial process compared with the same enzyme that has not been immobilised. 1. 2. Papain is a protease enzyme. Its activity at different temperatures, when immobilised onto an inert support, was compared with its activity in solution. The results are shown in . papain in solution temperature / °C immobilised papain activity / arbitrary units
3. Enzymes  →  3.2. Factors that affect enzyme action
3. Enzymes  →  3.1. Mode of action of enzymes
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3
For Examiner’s Use shows a drawing of a section through an ovarian follicle. A B C D State the names of the parts labelled A-D in . A B C D Outline the biological basis of the effect of the oestrogen/progesterone contraceptive pill. For Examiner’s Use The zona pellucida of an oocyte is made up of ZP proteins. ZP3, which does not occur anywhere else in the body, has a complex tertiary structure and acts as a receptor for sperm during fertilisation. A new method of contraception, which does not involve the use of hormones, is in the early stages of development. It involves blocking the expression of the gene coding for ZP3. Explain how blocking the expression of the gene coding for ZP3 acts as a contraceptive. Explain why it is desirable to devise a method of contraception that does not involve oestrogen and progesterone. Explain why it is important, when blocking the expression of the gene coding for ZP3, that ZP3 is only found in the zona pellucida.
16. Inheritance  →  16.1. Passage of information from parents to offspring
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For Examiner’s Use Maize, Zea mays, is a major cereal food crop. Unlike most crop plants, maize seed is produced by hybridisation between two different inbred parental strains. Explain why this is done. Suggest one disadvantage of producing seed in this way. In the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, the enzyme rubisco catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate, RuBP. When the carbon dioxide concentration within the leaf is very low, rubisco tends to combine oxygen, rather than carbon dioxide, with RuBP. This process is called photorespiration. It reduces carbon dioxide assimilation and therefore reduces crop yields. Photorespiration is most likely to happen in hot, dry conditions. Suggest why photorespiration is most likely to take place in hot, dry conditions. For Examiner’s Use Explain how the leaf anatomy of a maize plant reduces photorespiration, even in hot, dry conditions. It is expected that the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere will increase in the future, which would be expected to increase rates of photosynthesis in many crop plants. Investigations were carried out into the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis in maize. • Maize plants were grown in open-air trials, in the same field and were exposed to the same changes in the weather. • 50% of the plants were exposed to a normal carbon dioxide concentration. • 50% of the plants were exposed to an increased carbon dioxide concentration. • The rate of photosynthesis was measured as the net assimilation rate of carbon dioxide. • Measurements were made at three-hourly intervals between 0700 hours and 1900 hours on three different days. The results are shown in . day 1 day 2 day 3 net assimilation rate of CO2 / arbitrary units time of day normal CO2 concentration increased CO2 concentration key For Examiner’s Use Suggest an explanation for the lack of effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis in maize plants, shown by these results. Suggest one explanation for the changes in the rate of photosynthesis between 0700 hours and 1900 hours on day 1.
13. Photosynthesis  →  13.2. Investigation of limiting factors
14. Homeostasis  →  14.2. Homeostasis in plants
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5
For Examiner’s Use In the USA, about 35% of all maize that is grown has been genetically modified to produce a toxin, called Bt toxin, derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The genetically modified plants are known as Bt maize. Explain the advantages of growing Bt maize. An investigation was carried out into the potential effects of dead leaves from Bt maize on organisms living in streams that flow through areas where the maize is grown. The researchers conducted a laboratory-based experiment in which larvae of one species of aquatic caddis fly, Lepidostoma liba, were fed on non-Bt maize leaves, or on leaves from Bt maize. The growth rates of the larvae were measured. The results are summarised in . 0.0 0.5 1.0 non-Bt maize Bt maize mean growth rate / arbitrary units Describe the effect of eating leaves from Bt maize on the growth rate of L. liba larvae. For Examiner’s Use In a second laboratory-based experiment, three groups of larvae of a different species of caddis fly, Helicopsyche borealis, were fed on pollen containing: A no Bt toxin B Bt toxin at concentrations found in streams in maize-growing areas C Bt toxin at concentrations twice as high as found in those streams. The researchers measured the mortality rates of the caddis fly larvae. Their results are summarised in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 groups compared difference in mortality rate groups A and B no significant difference groups A and C significantly greater mortality in C than in A The researchers were careful to state that their results showed the ‘potential ecological effects’ on the caddis fly larvae of growing Bt maize. Suggest two reasons why ‘potential ecological effects’ is a suitable description of any conclusions that could be drawn from the results of this experiment. When the results of the experiments described in and were published, many other scientists criticised the research very strongly. Suggest why some scientists might wish to suppress results such as these, even if there is no fault with the investigation itself.
19. Genetic technology  →  19.3. Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.1. Energy
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For Examiner’s Use The Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. outlines the steps of the Krebs cycle. acetyl CoA ( 2C ) CO2 CO2 2H 2H K K intermediates ( 5C ) K reduced FAD ATP 2H 2H citrate ( 6C ) L ( 4C ) With reference to name the process occurring at: 1 and 3 2, 4, 6 and 7 Name the compounds K and L. K L For Examiner’s Use Most of the hydrogen atoms that are released by the Krebs cycle will take part in oxidative phosphorylation on the cristae of the mitochondria. Outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.2. Respiration
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For Examiner’s Use Meiosis is a type of nuclear division, which produces gametes for sexual reproduction. shows diagrams of the stages of meiosis, A to J, but they are not in the correct order. A B C D E F G H I J For Examiner’s Use Complete the table below by writing the stages of meiosis in the correct order. Some of the stages have already been written in the table. nuclear division letter of stage meiosis I B D meiosis II Explain how meiosis can result in genetic variation amongst offspring.
16. Inheritance  →  16.1. Passage of information from parents to offspring
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For Examiner’s Use The following passage is a summary of the main principles of natural selection. Some of the words have been omitted. Write the most appropriate term in each space. Individuals in a population have great potential and yet the numbers in a population remain roughly . This is because many die due to environmental factors and therefore do not reproduce. There is amongst members of a population and those with the features best adapted to the environment survive. They reproduce and pass on their to their offspring. This may lead to a change in the pool of the population and over time may lead to evolutionary change.
17. Selection and evolution  →  17.2. Natural and artificial selection
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For Examiner’s Use Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a severe neurological disorder in which symptoms usually appear after the person has reached sexual maturity. Symptoms include memory loss and changes in personality and mood. HD is caused by a gene mutation on chromosome 4 in which the triplet code CAG is repeated many times. The resulting allele is dominant. Explain what is meant by the terms gene mutation and triplet code. gene mutation triplet code A couple wish to start a family. The man does not have HD but the woman does have the disease. The woman’s father does not have the disease. Complete the genetic diagram below to show the probability of the couple’s first child having HD. key Huntington allele = T normal allele = t parental phenotypes man without HD woman with HD parental genotypes gametes offspring genotypes offspring phenotypes probability of first child having HD
16. Inheritance  →  16.2. The roles of genes in determining the phenotype
19. Genetic technology  →  19.2. Genetic technology applied to medicine
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