9700_s16_qp_43
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
10
Year:
2016
Paper:
4
Variant:
3
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1
ATP and NAD both play important roles in respiration. Both compounds are nucleotides. represents the molecular structures of ATP and NAD. ATP NAD Using , compare the structures of ATP and NAD. ATP provides an immediate energy source for metabolic processes such as anabolic reactions. State two examples of anabolic reactions in a mammal that require ATP as an energy source. Name the type of chemical reaction by which ATP is made during the Krebs cycle. Outline the roles of NAD in the cytoplasm of a cell. Carbohydrates and lipids are used as respiratory substrates. Table 1.1 shows the energy values of carbohydrates and lipids. Table 1.1 respiratory substrate energy value / kJ g−1 carbohydrate 15.8 lipid 39.4 Explain why lipids have a higher energy value than carbohydrates.
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.1. Energy
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.2. Respiration
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2
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the light intensity often limit the rate of photosynthesis. Explain what is meant by a limiting factor in relation to photosynthesis. Investigations were carried out in Florida, USA, into the effect of different concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of soybean plants. Plants were grown from seed in outdoor, computer-controlled growth chambers at different concentrations of carbon dioxide. The upper parts of the chambers were transparent so that the plants received natural sunlight. After the seedlings emerged, the air in the soil was separated from the air around the leaves by a gas-tight seal in each chamber. Suggest why the air in the soil and the air around the leaves of the plants were separated. In one investigation, two sets of plants, A and B, were grown from seed at different concentrations of carbon dioxide: • A – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (0.033%) • B – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ×2 (0.066%). Then, keeping each set of plants in its particular concentration of carbon dioxide, measurements were made of their rates of photosynthesis at different light intensities. The results are shown in on page 5. mean rate of photosynthesis per unit area of leaf / arbitrary units light intensity / arbitrary units set B set A With reference to : describe and explain, in terms of limiting factors, the results from the plants in set A explain the difference between the results of set A and set B at high light intensities. In a second investigation, two sets of plants, C and D, were grown from seed, as before, in different carbon dioxide concentrations: • C – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (0.033%) • D – normal atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ×2 (0.066%). When the plants matured, conditions in the growth chambers were changed to investigate the rate of photosynthesis of each set of plants in different concentrations of carbon dioxide. The results are shown in . mean rate of photosynthesis per unit area of leaf / arbitrary units concentration of carbon dioxide / arbitrary units set D set C
13. Photosynthesis  →  13.2. Investigation of limiting factors
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Malaria is a serious and often fatal infectious disease caused by Plasmodium. Drugs such as chloroquine are widely used to decrease the risk of getting malaria and also to treat people who have become infected. However, in many parts of the world, Plasmodium populations have become resistant to chloroquine. Sequencing the genome of Plasmodium and the application of bioinformatics has provided several new targets for the development of anti-malarial drugs. Define the term bioinformatics. Outline how sequencing the genome of Plasmodium and the use of bioinformatics can suggest new targets for anti-malarial drugs. In parts of the world where Plasmodium is resistant to chloroquine, one of the most effective anti-malarial drugs currently in use is artemisinin. Artemisinin works by binding to an enzyme in Plasmodium called PfATP6, acting as an inhibitor. A substance called curcumin, which has long been used as a spice and yellow food colouring in India and other countries, is also known to act against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium. A group of researchers predicted that curcumin acts by binding to the same enzyme as artemisinin. In order to test this hypothesis, and to try to find similar substances that might work even better than curcumin, the researchers used theoretical modelling to: • look at the chemical structures of various molecules with a similar structure to curcumin (curcumin analogues) • generate a three-dimensional model of the structure of the enzyme PfATP6 • investigate whether each curcumin analogue could bind to PfATP6. The researchers predicted that several of the curcumin analogues would bind more strongly than curcumin to PfATP6. Suggest advantages of using theoretical models in this research, rather than testing possible drugs in the laboratory. Suggest why theoretical modelling cannot completely replace laboratory trials in the search for new drugs.
10. Infectious diseases  →  10.1. Infectious diseases
6. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis  →  6.1. Structure of nucleic acids and replication of DNA
6. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis  →  6.2. Protein synthesis
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4
Maize is an important food crop that has been improved both by selective breeding and by genetic modification. Outline how selective breeding has been used to improve maize. shows part of a maize cob. The cob is made up of many individual seeds called kernels. Each kernel results from a separate fertilisation of a male and a female gamete. Some kernels are yellow and some are purple. yellow kernel purple kernel Name the type of variation shown in . Suggest a genetic explanation for this pattern of variation in colour. type of variation explanation Maize and other crops have been genetically modified since 1996 to produce the Bt toxin to kill insect pests. shows the area of Bt crops grown (plotted points) and the number of insect pest species in which resistance to Bt has been reported . year area of Bt crops grown / million hectares Bt crops resistant species number of resistant pest species Describe and suggest an explanation for the relationship between the area of Bt crops grown and the number of resistant pest species. Suggest one social advantage and one environmental advantage of growing this Bt maize. social advantage environmental advantage
17. Selection and evolution  →  17.2. Natural and artificial selection
19. Genetic technology  →  19.3. Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
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5
shows a water vole, Arvicola amphibius. This species is native to Great Britain. The numbers of water voles are estimated to have fallen by 94% in the last century. This is thought to be due to habitat fragmentation and also to extensive predation by mink, Neovison vison, shown in . Mink originated in North America but were brought to Great Britain for fur farming. Some escaped or were released into the wild, where their numbers rapidly increased. Name and describe a method for estimating the abundance of water voles in a local area. Both water voles and mink are classified as class Mammalia, phylum Chordata, kingdom Animalia. Outline two features of the cells of members of the kingdom Animalia that distinguish them from the cells of other multicellular eukaryotes. Discuss the reasons why alien species should be controlled. Suggest one way of controlling mink numbers in Great Britain.
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.2. Biodiversity
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.3. Conservation
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The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has eyes, a striped abdomen and wings longer than its abdomen. This is called a ‘wild-type’ fly. Mutation has resulted in many variations of these features. Table 6.1 shows diagrams of a wild-type fly and three other flies, each of which shows one recessive mutation. Table 6.1 H\HV DEGRPHQ ZLQJGHVFULSWLRQ present striped long present black long absent striped long present striped short Using appropriate symbols, complete the genetic diagram below. symbols parental phenotypes with eyes black abdomen X no eyes striped abdomen parental genotypes gametes offspring genotypes offspring phenotypes with eyes black abdomen no eyes black abdomen with eyes striped abdomen no eyes striped abdomen State how you would carry out a test cross. A cross was carried out between a fly heterozygous for striped abdomen and long wings and a fly with a black abdomen and short wings. The results are shown below in Table 6.2. Table 6.2 offspring number striped abdomen long wing black abdomen long wing striped abdomen short wing black abdomen short wing total A chi-squared test (χ2) was carried out on these data. Complete Table 6.3 and calculate the value of χ2. Table 6.3 observed number (O) expected number (E) O − E (O − E)2 (O − E)2 E χ2 = Σ (O − E)2 E Σ = sum of χ2 Table 6.4 shows χ2 values. Table 6.4 degrees of freedom probability 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.001 2.37 4.64 6.25 7.82 9.84 11.34 16.27 Using Table 6.4, explain what conclusions can be made about the results of the χ2 test.
16. Inheritance  →  16.2. The roles of genes in determining the phenotype
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An important function of control systems in mammals is homeostasis. Explain what is meant by the term homeostasis. Insulin plays a part in homeostasis. It affects muscle and liver cells to bring about a decrease in blood glucose concentration, particularly after a meal. Insulin is composed of two polypeptides which are made in β cells in the pancreas. State precisely where in β cells polypeptide molecules are synthesised. Name the process by which insulin is secreted from β cells. Describe the effects of insulin on muscle cells. During periods of stress or extreme exercise more glucose needs to be released into the blood. The hormone adrenaline is released and binds to receptors on the cell surface membranes of liver cells. Describe how the effect of adrenaline on liver cells results in an increase in blood glucose concentration.
14. Homeostasis  →  14.1. Homeostasis in mammals
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is a diagram of a sensory neurone and some receptor cells. % & $ ' P\HOLQVKHDWK UHFHSWRUFHOO Name the parts of the neurone labelled A, B, C and D. A B C D Explain how the myelin sheath increases the speed of conduction of nerve impulses. shows the changes in the membrane potential of a sensory neurone when the receptor cells are stimulated. –90 –50 time / ms membrane potential / mV shows the strength of the stimuli applied to these receptor cells. strength of stimulus time / ms With reference to and , describe the relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the resulting action potential.
15. Control and coordination  →  15.1. Control and coordination in mammals
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