9700_w13_qp_43
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
11
Year:
2013
Paper:
4
Variant:
3
Login to start this paper & get access to powerful tools
1
A mutation in a gene in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, gives rise to white-eyed flies instead of the normal red-eyed flies. The allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for white eyes . A student crossed a red-eyed fly with a white-eyed fly. The results are shown in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 phenotype of fly number of offspring red-eyed female red-eyed male white-eyed female white-eyed male In Drosophila, males possess two different sex chromosomes, X and Y, as in humans. Complete the genetic diagram below to show how the results in Table 1.1 could have been produced. red-eyed fly parental phenotypes parental genotypes gametes offspring genotypes offspring phenotypes white-eyed fly red-eyed female white-eyed male For Examiner’s Use The chi-squared (χ2) test can be used to analyse the results in Table 1.1. The expected ratio of red-eyed females to white-eyed males is 1:1. Complete Table 1.2 and use this to calculate a value for chi-squared (χ2). χ2 = Σ(O–E)2 E v = n–1 key Σ = sum of v = degrees of freedom n = number of classes O = observed value E = expected value Table 1.2 phenotype of fly O E O–E (O–E)2 (O–E)2 E red-eyed female white-eyed male χ2 = Use your calculated value of χ2 and the table of probabilities below, to test the significance of the difference between observed and expected results. degrees of freedom probability 0.90 0.50 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.45 2.71 3.84 0.21 1.39 4.61 5.99
16. Inheritance  →  16.2. The roles of genes in determining the phenotype
Open
2
For Examiner’s Use The evolutionary origin of the four-legged amphibians (such as frogs and toads) from fish has been the subject of much debate for many years. Among living fish, the rarely-caught coelacanth and the lungfish are thought to be most closely related to these amphibians. Samples of blood were taken from two coelacanths that were captured recently near Comoros. The amino acid sequences of the α and β chains of coelacanth and lungfish haemoglobin were compared with the known sequences of amphibian adults and their aquatic larvae . Organisms with more matches in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain share a more recent common ancestor than those with fewer matches. The comparisons with three species of amphibians, Xenopus laevis (Xl), X. tropicana (Xt) and Rana catesbeiana (Rc) are shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 percentage of matches of amino acid sequence species of amphibian adults species of amphibian larvae fish species Xl Xt Rc Xl Xt Rc α chains coelacanth 42.0 47.5 no data 45.4 42.6 48.2 lungfish 40.4 42.1 no data 40.7 39.0 37.9 β chains coelacanth 42.1 43.2 40.7 52.1 52.1 58.2 lungfish 44.1 45.9 41.4 47.3 45.9 48.6 Explain whether or not the information in Table 2.1 supports the suggestion that coelacanths and amphibians share a more recent common ancestor than do lungfish and amphibians. For Examiner’s Use For Examiner’s Use Suggest why adults and tadpoles of the same species of amphibian have different amino acid sequences in their haemoglobin. Coelacanth haemoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen, suggesting that coelacanths, which have been captured at depths of between 200 m and 400 m, live in water that has a low concentration of oxygen. Explain how an environmental factor, such as the low concentration of oxygen in deep water, can act: as a stabilising force in natural selection as an evolutionary force in natural selection. For Examiner’s Use Explain the role of isolating mechanisms in the evolution of new species.
17. Selection and evolution  →  17.3. Evolution
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.1. Classification
Open
3
For Examiner’s Use Outline the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration. Table 3.1 shows the results of some measurements of the energy released by different respiratory substrates and the water produced in the process. Table 3.1 respiratory substrate energy released / kJ mass of water produced / g per g of substrate per dm3 of oxygen consumed per g of substrate carbohydrate 17.4 20.9 0.56 lipid 39.3 19.6 1.07 protein 17.8 18.6 0.45 Describe and explain the differences in energy released by the three respiratory substrates. Suggest why more water is produced from the metabolism of lipid than from the other two substrates.
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.1. Energy
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.2. Respiration
Open
4
For Examiner’s Use Many women use knowledge of their menstrual cycle as a family planning method, avoiding sexual intercourse during the part of the cycle when it is possible for fertilisation to occur. This part of the cycle is known as the fertile window. In women with regular, 28-day menstrual cycles, ovulation is likely to take place on day 14. Most guidelines state that the fertile window lasts from day 10 to day 17 of the menstrual cycle. Explain why the fertile window begins several days before ovulation takes place. shows how basal body temperature, and the concentration of luteinising hormone, LH, varied during one menstrual cycle of a woman. Basal body temperature is the temperature of the body just after waking in the morning. 36.8 36.7 36.6 basal body temperature / °C 36.5 36.4 36.3 11 13 day of menstrual cycle concentration of LH LH 23 25 LH body temperature On , sketch a curve to show the changes in the concentration of progesterone in the blood during this menstrual cycle. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle begins when menstruation starts, and ends when ovulation takes place. With reference to , suggest when the follicular phase began and ended during this menstrual cycle. began …………………………… ended …………………………… For Examiner’s Use Three methods that a woman can use for determining her fertile window are: method 1 using the date at which each menstruation begins to predict when ovulation will occur method 2 using disposable urine dip sticks to measure the amount of LH breakdown products in urine (the more LH in the blood, the more breakdown products are present in urine) method 3 wearing an electronic device in the armpit that continuously measures body temperature. Suggest why using method 1 alone is not likely to be a very reliable method of avoiding conception. Explain how method 2 could be used to avoid conception. Suggest why method 3 is likely to be a better predictor of ovulation than measuring basal temperature with a thermometer each day. For Examiner’s Use A study was carried out into the timing of the fertile window. The study involved 221 women who were trying to get pregnant. Urine samples from each woman were tested for LH breakdown products every day for several months. The women recorded the days on which they had sexual intercourse, and also the days on which menstruation began. 136 of the women became pregnant during the study. The results were used to calculate the probability of a woman being in the fertile window on each day of her cycle. The results for women with regular 28-day cycles are shown in . 0.2 0.4 0.6 day of menstrual cycle probability of being in fertile window Discuss what these results suggest about the guidelines that the fertile window lasts from day 10 to day 17 of the menstrual cycle.
14. Homeostasis  →  14.1. Homeostasis in mammals
12. Energy and respiration  →  12.2. Respiration
Open
5
For Examiner’s Use Maize was developed from a wild plant called teosinte, which grows from Mexico south to Argentina. It is thought that cultivated maize was derived from teosinte only once. Maize has been found at archaeological sites dated to 5500 years ago. shows the genetic diversity at ten gene loci in teosinte and in cultivated maize. This was determined by sequencing the DNA base pairs at each locus, and calculating how much each of these base sequences varied. The gene loci are numbered in order of the degree of diversity in teosinte. 0.005 gene locus genetic diversity / arbitrary units Key: = teosinte 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 = cultivated maize Compare the genetic diversity of teosinte with that of cultivated maize. For Examiner’s Use Suggest reasons for the differences in genetic diversity between teosinte and cultivated maize. Explain how these data support the idea that wild relatives of crop plants, such as maize, should be conserved. Most farmers today grow maize from seeds that have been produced by crossing two different homozygous parents. Explain why this is done.
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.2. Biodiversity
17. Selection and evolution  →  17.2. Natural and artificial selection
17. Selection and evolution  →  17.3. Evolution
Open
6
For Examiner’s Use is a trace that shows the changes that occur in the membrane potential of a neurone during an action potential. –70 +30 membrane potential / mV A F B D E C time / ms Using the letterA to F from , state which lettercorresponds to the following: depolarisation hyperpolarisation the membrane is most permeable to potassium ions resting potential Saxitoxin is a powerful poison produced naturally by single-celled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic, marine organisms. Shellfish may consume organisms containing saxitoxin but are unaffected. If humans were to eat shellfish containing saxitoxin they would become very ill and may die. State the kingdom to which the organisms that produce saxitoxin belong. For Examiner’s Use Saxitoxin blocks sodium ion channels in the cell surface membranes of neurones. Describe the role of sodium ion channels in the transmission of a nerve impulse. Suggest why saxitoxin may be fatal to humans.
15. Control and coordination  →  15.1. Control and coordination in mammals
4. Cell membranes and transport  →  4.2. Movement into and out of cells
Open
7
For Examiner’s Use The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis takes place on the thylakoids of the chloroplast. shows some of the components involved in the light-dependent stage. A H2O ½ O2 2H+ 2e– 2e– 2e– 2e– reduced 2NADP 2NADP + 2H+ B electron transport chain ATP light LIGHT-INDEPENDENT STAGE light stroma thylakoid membrane thylakoid space ADP + Pi With reference to , identify structures A and B. A B For Examiner’s Use Describe the roles of the following substances in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis: RuBP reduced NADP ATP.
13. Photosynthesis  →  13.1. Photosynthesis as an energy transfer process
Open
8
For Examiner’s Use The Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, is fished for food. shows the size of the stocks of Atlantic cod between 1968 and 2000. 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 year 1988 1992 size of Atlantic cod stocks / thousand tonnes Calculate the overall rate of decrease in size of the stocks of Atlantic cod between 1968 and 2000. answer tonnes per year For Examiner’s Use Suggest how the stocks of Atlantic cod may be increased.
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.2. Biodiversity
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.3. Conservation
Open
9
For Examiner’s Use The passage below summarises the effects of auxin on the growth of a shoot. Complete the passage by using the most appropriate scientific term. Auxin is synthesised in the growing tips of shoots (apical buds). It is transported from here down the shoot by ………………………………… from cell to cell and also to a lesser extent by ………………………………… flow in the ………………………………… . Auxin seems to be involved in determining whether a plant grows upwards or whether it branches sideways. When the apical bud is actively growing, it tends to stop lateral buds from growing. This is called apical ………………………………… . The plant grows upwards rather than branching out sideways. However, if the apical bud is cut off, the lateral buds start to grow. It is thought that removal of the apical bud causes the concentration of auxin in lateral buds to ………………………………… so the buds can now grow by cell ………………………………… and cell ………………………………… .
15. Control and coordination  →  15.2. Control and coordination in plants
14. Homeostasis  →  14.2. Homeostasis in plants
Open