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1

Solutions containing chlorate(ions are used as household bleaches and disinfectants. These solutions decompose on heating as shown...

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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2

A mixture of 10 cm3 of methane and 10 cm3 of ethane was sparked with an excess of oxygen. After cooling to room temperature, the residual gas was passed through aqueous potassium hydroxide. All gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure. What volume of gas was absorbed by the alkali?

4. States of matter  →  4.1. The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and \( pV = nRT \)

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

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3

The diagram shows an electrolytic cell for the extraction of aluminium. graphite anode Al 2O3 in molten cryolite graphite lining acting as cathode molten aluminium Which statement is correct?

4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure

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4

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) have proton numbers 86, 87 and 88 respectively. What is the order of their first ionisation energies?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.4. Ionisation energy

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5

In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.2. Isotopes

1. Atomic structure  →  1.1. Particles in the atom and atomic radius

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6

An experiment is set up to measure the rate of hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate. CH3CO2C2H5 + H2O CH3CO2H + C2H5OH The hydrolysis is found to be slow in neutral aqueous solution but it proceeds at a measurable rate when the solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid. What is the function of the hydrochloric acid?

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.2. Esters

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7

The reaction pathway for a reversible reaction is shown...

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

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8

Why does the rate of a gaseous reaction increase when the pressure is increased at a constant temperature?

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.1. Rate of reaction

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9

Which would behave the least like an ideal gas at room temperature?

4. States of matter  →  4.1. The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and \( pV = nRT \)

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10

The general gas equation can be used to calculate the Mr value of a gas. For a sample of a gas of mass m g, which expression will give the value of Mr?

4. States of matter  →  4.1. The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and \( pV = nRT \)

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.1. Relative masses of atoms and molecules

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11

A solution of Sn2+ ions will reduce an acidified solution of MnO4 – ions to Mn2+ ions. The Sn2+ ions are oxidised to Sn4+ ions in this reaction. How many moles of Mn2+ ions are formed when a solution containing 9.5 g of SnCl 2 (Mr: 190) is added to an excess of acidified KMnO4 solution?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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12

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. This question should be answered using bond enthalpy data. The equation for the complete combustion of methane is given below. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O What is the enthalpy change of combustion of methane?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

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13

In which row of the table are all statements comparing the compounds of magnesium and barium correct?

10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

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14

What happens when iodine solution is added to a solution of sodium bromide?

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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15

Element 85, astatine, is in Group VII. Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sodium astatide. The mixture of products includes astatine, hydrogen astatide, hydrogen sulfide, and sodium sulfate. Which product is formed by the oxidation of one of the constituents of sodium astatide?

11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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16

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, will decompose when heated to give a white solid and a mixture of gases. One of the gases released is an oxide of nitrogen, X. 7.4 g of anhydrous magnesium nitrate is heated until no further reaction takes place. What mass of X is produced?

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

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17

Y is a salt of one of the halogens chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine (element 85). The reaction scheme shows a series of reactions using a solution of Y as the starting reagent. Ya precipitate a colourless solution a precipitate HNO3AgNO3an excess of dilute NH3an excess of HNO3What could Y be?

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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18

Sulfur trioxide is manufactured from sulfur dioxide and oxygen, using the Contact process. Which condition affects the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?

7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

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19

Which reagent, when mixed and heated with ammonium sulfate, liberates ammonia?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

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20

The following compounds are found in the seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis. Which compound could show both cis-trans isomerism and optical isomerism?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

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21

Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid), CH3CH(OH)CO2H, is found in sour milk. Which reaction could occur with lactic acid?

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

7. Equilibria  →  7.2. Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

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22

Bromine reacts with ethene to form 1,2-dibromoethane. What is the correct description of the organic intermediate in this reaction?

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.2. Characteristic organic reactions

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23

Chloroethane can be used to make sodium propanoate. chloroethane → Q → sodium propanoate The intermediate, Q, is hydrolysed with boiling aqueous sodium hydroxide, to give sodium propanoate. Which reagent would produce the intermediate, Q, from chloroethane?

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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24

Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with 1-bromopropane to give propan-1-ol. How should the first step in the mechanism be described?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.2. Characteristic organic reactions

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

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25

Pentane, C5H12, is reacted with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light. A compound R is found in the products. R has molecular formula C5H10Cl 2. Each molecule of R contains one chiral carbon atom. Which two atoms of the pentane chain could be bonded to chlorine atoms in this isomer?

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

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26

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. 2.30 g of ethanol were mixed with an excess of aqueous acidified potassium dichromate(. The reaction mixture was then boiled under reflux for one hour. The desired organic product was then collected by distillation. The yield of product was 60.0 %. What mass of product was collected?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

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27

Burnt sugar has a characteristic smell caused partly by the following compound. CH3 C O CHO This compound contains two functional groups. Which reagent will react with only one of the functional groups?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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28

The structural formula of a compound X is shown...

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

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29

Synthetic resins, plasticisers and many other chemicals can be made by polymerisation of a variety of monomers including prop-2-en-1-ol, CH2=CHCH2OH. Which structure represents the repeat unit in poly(prop-2-en-1-ol)?

20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation

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30

Some vegetable oils contain ‘trans fats’ that are associated with undesirable increases in the amount of cholesterol in the blood. In the diagrams below, R1 and R2 are different hydrocarbon chains. Which diagram correctly illustrates an optically active ‘trans fat’?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.3. Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

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31

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Free-radicals play an important part in reactions involving the destruction of the ozone layer and the substitution of alkanes by chlorine. Some free-radicals contain two unpaired electrons. Such species are called diradicals. Which species are diradicals?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.3. Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

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32

The Group II metals have higher melting points than the Group I metals. Which factors could contribute towards the higher melting points?

10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

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33

Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory should be used to answer this question. Which species are trigonal planar?

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.5. Shapes of molecules

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.3. Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

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34

The first ionisation energies of twenty successive elements in the Periodic Table are represented in the graph. The letters given are not the normal symbols for these elements. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T element first ionisation energy / kJ mol _1 Which statements about this graph are correct?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.4. Ionisation energy

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35

Solids W, X, Y and Z are compounds of two different Group II metals. Some of their applications are described below. Compound W is used as a refractory lining material in kilns. Compound X is used as a building material. It can also be heated in a kiln to form compound Y. When Y is hydrated, it forms compound Z which is used agriculturally to treat soils. Which statements about these compounds are correct?

10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

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36

When a red-hot platinum wire is plunged into a test tube of hydrogen iodide, the gas is decomposed into its elements. If the experiment is repeated with hydrogen chloride, no change occurs. Which factors contribute to this behaviour?

11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

11. Group 17  →  11.1. Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

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37

Which molecules would be present in the mixture produced by the photochemical chlorination of methane?

11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

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38

In which reactions is the organic compound oxidised by the given reagent?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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39

A sun protection cream contains the following ester as its active ingredient. CH3O CHCO2CH2CH CH CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 Which substances are present in the products of its hydrolysis by aqueous sodium hydroxide?

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.2. Esters

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

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40

Which reagents, when used in an excess, can be used to make sodium lactate, CH3CH(OH)CO2Na, from lactic acid, CH3CH(OH)CO2H?

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

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