9701_s19_qp_43
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
9
Year:
2019
Paper:
4
Variant:
3
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1
Aqueous solutions of copper(salts contain the blue-coloured [Cu(H2O)6]2+ complex ion. Separate portions of this blue solution react with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with concentrated hydrochloricacid. Give the following information for each of these reactions. ● ● reaction with aqueous sodiumhydroxide ionic equation type of reaction colour and state of the copper-containing product ● ● reaction with concentrated hydrochloricacid ionic equation type of reaction colour and state of the copper-containing product  Chloride ions can be identified using aqueous silvernitrate, AgNO3. Ag++ Cl –AgCl 0.303 g of a chloride of sulfur is completely hydrolysed with water. All the chlorine atoms present in the chloride of sulfur are converted into chloride ions. The solution is diluted to 100.0 cm3. A 25.00 cm3 sample of this solution is titrated with 0.0500 mol dm–3 AgNO3. The titration requires 22.40 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 AgNO3. Calculate the empirical formula of the chloride of sulfur. Show all your working.  empirical formula of chloride of sulfur = 
11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
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Group2 nitrates decompose when heated. Write an equation for the decomposition of strontiumnitrate. Describe and explain how the thermal stability of Group2 nitrates changes with increasing atomic number. The variation in the thermal stability of Group2 amides is similar to that of Group2 nitrates. Suggest whether calcium amide, Ca(NH2)2, will decompose more or less readily than bariumamide, Ba(NH2)2. Explain your answer. Ba(NH2)2 decomposes when heated to form bariumnitride, Ba3N2, and ammonia as the only products. Write an equation for this reaction. Ba(NH2)2 contains the NH2 – ion. Predict the bond angle of NH2 –. Explain your answer using the qualitative model of electron‑pair repulsion. bond angle explanation  
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur
11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides
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Chlorate(ions are powerful oxidising agents. The reduction of chlorate(ions, Cl O3 –, with SO2 forms chlorinedioxide, Cl O2, and sulfateions, SO4 2–, as the only products. Construct an equation for this reaction. Chlorine dioxide, Cl O2, disproportionates with hydroxide ions, OH–, to form a mixture of Cl O2 – and Cl O3 – ions. 2Cl O2 + 2OH– Cl O2 – + Cl O3 – + H2O Explain, using this reaction as an example, what is meant by disproportionation. Deduce the ionic half-equations for the reaction in . A lithium-iodine electrochemical cell can be used to generate electricity for a heart pacemaker. The cell consists of a lithium electrode and an inert electrode immersed in body fluids. When current flows lithium is oxidised and iodine is reduced. Use the Data Booklet to write half-equations for the reactions taking place at the two electrodes. Hence write the overall equation for when a current flows. ● ● overall equation  Use the Data Booklet to calculate the for this cell.  = V A current of 2.5×10–5 A is drawn from this cell. Calculate the time taken for 0.10 g of lithium electrode to be used up. Assume the current remains constant throughout this period.  time = s 
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
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Sketches of the shapes of some atomic orbitals are shown. Identify the type of orbital, s, p, or d. x y z x y z x y z shape of orbital type of orbital  Cadmium forms the two ions, Cd2 2+ and Cd2+. The electronic configuration of cadmium in these ions is shown. ● ● [Kr] 4d105s1 ● ● [Kr] 4d10 Use this information to explain why cadmium is not a transition element. Methylamine, CH3NH2, is a monodentate ligand. State what is meant by the term monodentate in this context. In the presence of aqueous methylamine, [Cd(H2O)6]2+ reacts to form a mixture of two isomeric octahedral complexes. equilibrium 1 [Cd(H2O)6]2+ + 4CH3NH2 [Cd(CH3NH2)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O = –57 kJ mol–1 Complete the three-dimensional diagrams to show the isomers of [Cd(CH3NH2)4(H2O)2]2+. Use L to represent CH3NH2 in your diagrams. Cd Cd  State what is meant by the term stability constant. Complete the table by placing one tick () in each row to suggest how increasing temperature will affect Kstab and the equilibrium concentration of the cadmium complex, [[Cd(CH3NH2)4(H2O)2]2+], for equilibrium1. Explain your answer. decreases no change increases Kstab [[Cd(CH3NH2)4(H2O)2]2+] explanation  EDTA4– is a polydentate ligand. When a solution of EDTA4– is added to [Cd(H2O)6]2+ a new complex [CdEDTA]2– is formed. The values for the stability constants for two Cd2+ complexes are shown. Kstab [Cd(CH3NH2)4(H2O)2]2+ 4.0 × 106 [CdEDTA]2– 4.0 × 1016 A solution containing equal numbers of moles of CH3NH2 and EDTA is added to [Cd(H2O)6]2+. Predict which complex is formed in the larger amount. Explain your answer. Methylamine is a Brønsted-Lowry base. Write an equation showing how methylamine dissolves in water to give an alkaline solution. Methylamine is a useful reagent in organic chemistry. Write an equation for the reaction of ethanoyl chloride with methylamine. Methylamine also reacts with propanone to form compound P as shown. H3C H3C C O H2N CH3 CH3 + H2O + H3C H3C C N P Deduce the type of reaction shown here. 
3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding
11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions
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Chlorate(ions undergo the following reaction under aqueous conditions. 2NH3 + Cl O– N2H4 + Cl – + H2O A series of experiments was carried out at different concentrations of Cl O– and NH3. The table shows the results obtained. experiment [Cl O–] / mol dm–3 [NH3] / mol dm–3 initial rate / mol dm–3 s–1 0.200 0.100 0.256 0.400 0.200 2.05 0.400 0.400 8.20 Use the data in the table to determine the order with respect to each reactant, Cl O– and NH3. Show your reasoning. Write the rate equation for this reaction. rate = Use the results of experiment1 to calculate the rate constant, k, for this reaction. Include the units of k.  k =  units =  On the axes sketch a graph to show how the value of k changes as temperature is increased. rate constant, k temperature  In another experiment, the reaction between chlorate(ions and iodideions in aqueous alkali was investigated. A solution of iodide ions in aqueous alkali was added to a large excess of chlorate(ions and [I–] was measured at regular intervals. Describe how the results of this experiment can be used to confirm that the reaction is first-order with respect to [I–]. A three-step mechanism for this reaction is shown. step 1 Cl O– + H2O HCl O + OH– step 2 I– + HCl O HIO + Cl – step 3 HIO + OH– H2O + IO– Use this mechanism to deduce the overall equation for this reaction. Identify a step that involves a redox reaction. Explain your answer.  
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.1. Rate of reaction
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
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Complete the table by placing one tick () in each row to indicate the sign of each type of energy change under standard conditions. energy change always positive always negative either negative or positive bond energy enthalpy change of formation  Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of atomisation. The overall reaction for the atomisation of liquid bromine molecules, Br2, is shown. Br22BrThis happens via a two-step process. ● ● Construct a labelled energy cycle to represent this atomisation process, including state symbols. ● ● Use your cycle and relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change of vaporisation of Br2, . The enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine, ∆Hat, = +112 kJ mol–1.  = kJ mol–1 Suggest how the of iodine, I2, would compare to that of bromine, Br2. Explain your answer. Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of hydration. Suggest why the enthalpy change of hydration of Br –is more exothermic than that of I–. 
5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)
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Benzene can be converted into cyclohexane. For this reaction name the type of reaction and identify the reagent and conditions needed. type of reaction reagent and conditions  State the bond angles in benzene and cyclohexane. bond angle in benzene bond angle in cyclohexane Explain your answers.  When benzene reacts with SO3, benzenesulfonic acid is produced. SO3H benzenesulfonic acid + SO3 The mechanism of this reaction is similar to that of the nitration of benzene. Concentrated H2SO4 is used in an initial step to generate the SO3H+ electrophile as shown. SO3 + H2SO4 SO3H+ + HSO4 – Draw a mechanism for the reaction of benzene with SO3H+ ions. Include all necessary curly arrows and charges. SO3H benzenesulfonic acid SO3H+  Write an equation to show how the H2SO4 catalyst is reformed. 3-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid can be prepared from benzenesulfonic acid. 3-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid SO3H SO3H C12H25 benzenesulfonic acid Suggest the reagents and conditions and name the mechanism for this reaction. reagents and conditions mechanism  When concentrated sulfuricacid is added to water, dissociation takes place in two stages. stage 1 H2SO4 H+ + HSO4 – stage 2 HSO4 – H+ + SO4 2– Ka2 = 1.0 × 10–2 mol dm–3 Ka2 is the acid dissociation constant for stage 2. Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant Ka2. Ka2 =  H2SO4 is considered a strong acid whereas HSO4 – is considered a weak acid. Suggest how the magnitude of the acid dissociation constant for stage1 compares to Ka2. Benzoic acid, C6H5CO2H, is a weak acid. A solution of 0.0250 mol dm–3 benzoic acid has a pH of 2.90. Calculate the Ka of benzoic acid.  Ka = mol dm–3  
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.2. Esters
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The mass spectrum of compoundX, C5H10O2, is recorded. The peak heights of the M and M+1 peaks are 22.65 and 1.25 respectively. Use these data to show that there are five carbon atoms present in one molecule of X. Show your working.  The mass spectrum has a peak at m/e = 57. Complete the equation to show the fragmentation of X to produce this peak. [C5H10O2]+ +  State the use of TMS and CDCl 3 in NMR spectroscopy. ● TMS ● CDCl 3  The proton NMR spectrum of compound X, C5H10O2, is shown. δ / ppm By considering both the relative peak areas and their δ values, use the Data Booklet to ● deduce the part of the molecule that produces the peak at δ 2.2, ● deduce the part of the molecule that produces the peaks at δ 1.2 and δ 3.5, ● deduce the part of the molecule that produces the peak at δ 4.0.  When reacted with aqueous alkaline iodine, X produces a yellow precipitate. Use this information and your answers to to suggest a structure for X.  Compound W is an ester with the molecular formula C5H10O2. The proton NMR spectrum of W contains only two peaks. The relative areas of these two peaks are in the ratio 9 : 1. Suggest a structure for this ester, W.  Compound V is a carboxylic acid which contains a chiral centre. It also has the molecular formula C5H10O2. Explain what is meant by the term chiral centre. Suggest a structure for V.  
22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry
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Organochlorine compounds can undergo hydrolysis. R–Cl + H2O R–OH + HCl State and explain the relative rates of hydrolysis of the following compounds. CH3CH2Cl CH3COCl C6H5Cl Epibatidine is a naturally occurring organochlorine compound. Cl N epibatidine N H Epibatidine is a weak base. State what is meant by the term weak base. A molecule of epibatidine contains two nitrogen atoms, both of which can act as a base. Epibatidine reacts with HCl . Complete the structure to suggest the product formed in this reaction. Cl N N H  Polyamides, such as nylon-6, can be prepared from a monomer that contains both an amine and an acyl chloride functional group. nylon-6 monomer H2N (CH2)5 C O Cl When the nylon-6 monomer is hydrolysed, bonds are broken and formed. By considering the two steps in the mechanism of the reaction, complete the table by placing one tick () in each row to indicate the types of bonds broken and formed during the mechanism. σ bonds only π bonds only both σ and π bonds bonds broken bonds formed  Draw two repeat units of nylon-6. The amide bond should be shown fully displayed.  An addition polymer made from two different alkene monomers is called a co-polymer. A section of a polyalkene co-polymer is shown. C CH3 Cl C H H H C C2H5 C H C CH3 CH3 Cl C H H Draw the structure of the two alkene monomers which produce this co-polymer.  Explain why polyamides normally biodegrade more readily than polyalkenes. The alkene phenylethene can be prepared from benzene in three steps. step 1 step 3 step 2 O H phenylethene Deduce the identity of compound H and draw its structure in the box. Suggest reagents and conditions for each of the steps 1–3. step 1 step 2 step 3  
20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
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