9701_w09_qp_41
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
9
Year:
2009
Paper:
4
Variant:
1
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The Group IV oxides CO2 and SiO2 differ widely in their physical properties. Describe these differences and explain them in terms of their structure and bonding. What are the properties of a ceramic material? Why is silicon(oxide very suitable as a component of ceramics? Lead(oxide reacts with both acids and bases. What is the name given to oxides that have this property? Write a balanced equation for the reaction between PbO and NaOH. For Examiner’s Use Tin forms an oxide, A, that contains the metal in both oxidation states II and IV. The formula of A can be found by the following method. • A sample of A was dissolved in H2SO4, producing solution B, which was a mixture of tin(sulfate and tin(sulfate. • A 25.0 cm3 sample of solution B was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4. 13.5 cm3 of KMnO4 was required to reach the end-point. • Another 25.0 cm3 sample of solution B was stirred with an excess of powdered zinc. This converted all the tin into tin(. The excess of zinc powder was filtered off and the filtrate was titrated with 0.0200 mol dm-3 KMnO4, as before. This time 20.3 cm3 of KMnO4 was required to reach the end-point. The equation for the reaction occurring during the titration is as follows. 2MnO4 – + 16H+ + 5Sn2+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Sn4+ Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Zn and Sn4+. Use the Data Booklet to calculate the E o- values for the reactions between • Zn and Sn4+, • MnO4 – and Sn2+ Use the results of the two titrations to calculate • the number of moles of Sn2+ in the first titration sample, • the number of moles of Sn2+ in the second titration sample. Use the results of your calculation in to deduce the Sn2+/ Sn4+ ratio in the oxide A, and hence suggest the formula of A. For Examiner’s Use A major use of tin is to make ‘tin plate’, which is composed of thin sheets of mild steel electroplated with tin, for use in the manufacture of food and drinks cans. A tin coating of 1.0 3 10–5 m thickness is often used. Calculate the volume of tin needed to coat a sheet of steel 1.0 m 3 1.0 m to this thickness, on one side only. Calculate the number of moles of tin that this volume represents. [The density of tin is 7.3 g cm–3.] The solution used for electroplating contains Sn2+ ions. Calculate the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to deposit the amount of tin you calculated in .
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
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For Examiner’s Use Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an important industrial chemical used in refrigeration plants, for de-icing roads and for giving greater strength to concrete. Show by means of an equation what is meant by the lattice energy of calcium chloride. Suggest, with an explanation, how the lattice energies of the following salts might compare in magnitude with that of calcium chloride. calcium fluoride, CaF2 calcium sulfide, CaS Use the following data, together with additional data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the lattice energy of CaCl2. standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl2 –796 kJ mol–1 standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca+178 kJ mol–1 electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1 enthalpy Ca+ Cl 2lattice energy = kJ mol–1 For Examiner’s Use When a solution of CaCl2 is added to a solution of the dicarboxylic acid, malonic acid, the salt calcium malonate is precipitated as a white solid. The solid has the following composition by mass: Ca, 28.2 %; C, 25.2 %; H, 1.4 %; O, 45.2 %. Calculate the empirical formula of calcium malonate from these data. Suggest the structural formula of malonic acid.
4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
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For Examiner’s Use One major difference between the properties of compounds of the transition elements and those of other compounds is that the compounds of the transition elements are often coloured. Explain in detail why many transition element compounds are coloured. The following graph shows the absorption spectrum of two complexes containing copper. absorbance [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ [Cu(H2O)6]2+ wavelength / nm blue green yellow red infra-red State the colours of the following complex ions. [Cu(H2O)6]2+ [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ Using the spectra above give two reasons why the colour of the [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ ion is deeper (more intense) than that of the [Cu(H2O)6]2+ ion. Predict the absorption spectrum of the complex [Cu(NH3)2(H2O)4]2+, and sketch this spectrum on the above graph. For Examiner’s Use Copper forms a complex with chlorine according to the following equilibrium. Cu2++ 4Cl –[CuCl4]2–Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc , for this reaction, stating its units. Kc = units The numerical value of Kc is 4.2 3 105. Calculate the [[CuCl4] 2–] / [Cu2+ ] ratio when [Cl – ] = 0.20 mol dm–3.
11. Group 17  →  11.1. Physical properties of the Group 17 elements
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
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For Examiner’s Use Cyclohexanol and phenol are both solids with low melting points that are fairly soluble in water. OH cyclohexanol phenol OH Explain why these compounds are more soluble in water than their parent hydrocarbons cyclohexane and benzene. Explain why phenol is more acidic than cyclohexanol. For Examiner’s Use For each of the following reagents, draw the structural formula of the product obtained for each of the two compounds. If no reaction occurs write no reaction in the box. reagent product with cyclohexanol product with phenol NaNaOHBr2I2+ OH–an excess of acidified Cr2O2 – Choose one of the above five reagents that could be used to distinguish between cyclohexanol and phenol. Describe the observations you would make with each compound. reagent observation with cyclohexanol observation with phenol
16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols
7. Equilibria  →  7.2. Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases
18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids
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For Examiner’s Use Kevlar is a tough polyamide used in bullet-proof vests and high-specification bicycle tyres. It can be manufactured by the following process. I II H3C H2N NH2 CH3 HO2C C D Kevlar CO2H ClOC COCl Suggest reagents and conditions for reaction I, reaction II. Draw the structural formula of one repeat unit of Kevlar in the box above. The di-acid chloride C reacts with a variety of reagents. Suggest the structural formulae of the products of the reaction of C with CH3NH2, HOCH2CH2OH. For Examiner’s Use The diamine D also reacts with a variety of reagents. Suggest the structural formulae of the products of the reaction of D with HCl , Br2. 4-aminobenzoic acid, E, is a useful intermediate for making dyes. III IV HO2C OH a dye NH2 HO2C N N Cl - HO2C N=N + E Suggest reagents and conditions for reaction III, reaction IV. 4-aminobenzoic acid, E, forms a zwitterion. What is meant by the term zwitterion? Draw the structural formula of the zwitterion formed from 4-aminobenzoic acid.
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
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The diagram shows part of one strand of DNA. Draw the complementary strand, labelling the bonds formed to the original strand, and labelling the components of the strand you draw. phosphate sugar T phosphate sugar A phosphate sugar C Briefly describe the roles of each of the following in protein synthesis. tRNA the ribosome For Examiner’s Use Some diseases, such as sickle cell anaemia, are caused by a single mutation in the DNA for a particular gene. This causes the haemoglobin produced to change the shape of red blood cells, reducing their efficiency in carrying oxygen. What is meant by a mutation? Explain why such a mutation could alter the bonding in haemoglobin.
3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
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For Examiner’s Use This question is about the modern techniques of analysis which may be used to determine molecular structures. In X-ray crystallography X-rays are diffracted by the electron clouds surrounding individual atoms in the structure. What useful information is provided by X-ray crystallography? Why cannot hydrogen atoms in a structure be detected by this technique? Suggest how structures of complex molecules such as enzymes, derived from X-ray crystallography, can help explain their biochemical behaviour. NMR spectroscopy, in contrast to X-ray crystallography, is frequently used to examine protons in organic molecules. What feature of protons enables their detection by NMR spectroscopy? For Examiner’s Use The NMR spectrum below was obtained from a compound X, CxHyOz. In the mass spectrum of the compound, the M : M+1 ratio was found to be 25:2. Determine the values of x, y and z in the formula of X and deduce a possible structure for the compound, explaining how you arrive at your conclusion. δ/ppm Possible structure of X
4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure
22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry
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For Examiner’s Use A new method of making very light, flexible batteries using nanotechnology was announced in August 2007. Read the passage and answer the questions related to it. Researchers have developed a new energy-storage device that could easily be mistaken for a simple sheet of black paper. The nano-engineered battery is lightweight, ultra-thin and completely flexible. It is geared towards meeting the difficult design and energy requirements of tomorrow’s gadgets, such as implantable medical devices and even vehicles. Researchers soaked ‘paper’ in an ionic liquid electrolyte which carries the charge. They then treated it with aligned carbon nanotubes, which give the device its black colour. The nanotubes act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The device, engineered to function as both a battery and a supercapacitor, can provide the long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor’s quick burst of high energy. The device can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into shapes with no loss of strength or efficiency. The ‘paper’ batteries can also be stacked, like a pile of printer paper, to boost the total power output. 1. Conventional batteries produce electrons through a chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal. 2. Chemical reaction in the ‘paper’ battery is between electrolyte and carbon nanotubes. 3. Electrons collect on the negative terminal of a battery. 4. Electrons must flow from the negative terminal, through the external circuit to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to continue. nanotube For Examiner’s Use For Examiner’s Use From your knowledge of the different structures of carbon, suggest which of these is used to make nanotubes. Suggest a property of this structure that makes it suitable for making nanotubes. Carbon in its bulk form is brittle like most non-metallic solids. Suggest why the energy storage device described can be rolled into a cylinder. Name an example of an ‘ionic liquid electrolyte’ (not a solution).
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In recent years a great deal of research has been carried out into finding different anti-cancer drugs. Tumours, which are often symptoms of cancer, are produced when cells replicate uncontrollably. This in turn is brought about by the replication of DNA in these cells. Two anti-cancer agents are mechlorethamine and cis-platin. They work by binding to the DNA and preventing replication. CH3 NH3 NH3 Pt N Cl Cl Cl Cl CH3 N G DNA DNA mechlorethamine crosslinked DNA cis-platin G NH3 NH3 Pt G G C C What type of bonding attaches both anti-cancer agents to the DNA? Suggest how each of the anti-cancer agents prevents replication of the DNA. For Examiner’s Use
3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
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