9701_w09_qp_42
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
9
Year:
2009
Paper:
4
Variant:
2
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1
Describe and explain qualitatively the trend in the solubilities of the sulfates of the Group II elements. The major ore of barium is barytes, BaSO4. This is very unreactive, and so other barium compounds are usually made from the sulfide, BaS. This is obtained by heating the crushed ore with carbon, and extracting the BaS with water. BaSO4+ 4CBaS+ 4COWhen 250 g of ore was heated in the absence of air with an excess of carbon, it was found that the CO produced took up a volume of 140 dm3 at 450 K and 1 atm. Calculate the number of moles of CO produced. Calculate the number of moles of BaSO4 in the 250 g sample of the ore. Calculate the percentage by mass of BaSO4 in the ore. For Examiner’s Use Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-Haber cycle and calculate the lattice energy of BaS. standard enthalpy change of formation of BaS–460 kJ mol–1 standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ba+180 kJ mol–1 standard enthalpy change of atomisation of S+279 kJ mol–1 electron affinity of the sulfur atom –200 kJ mol–1 electron affinity of the S– ion +640 kJ mol–1 lattice energy = kJ mol–1 Explain whether the magnitude of the lattice energy of BaS is likely to be greater or less than that of BaO.
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
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For Examiner’s Use Describe and explain how the basicities of ammonia, ethylamine and phenylamine differ. CH3CH2NH2 NH3 NH2 ammonia ethylamine phenylamine Describe how the use of aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous ammonia can distinguish between aqueous solutions containing chloride, bromide or iodide ions by filling in the following table. halide observation when AgNO3is added observation when dilute NH3is added observation when concentrated NH3is added chloride bromide iodide Silver bromide is sparingly soluble in water. AgBrAg++ Br–Ksp = 5 × 10–13 mol2 dm–6 Calculate [Ag+] in a saturated aqueous solution of AgBr. [Ag+] = mol dm–3 State and explain whether AgBr will be less or more soluble in 0.1 mol dm–3 KBr than it is in pure water. For Examiner’s Use Silver ions form complexes with ammonia and with amines. Ag++ 2RNH2[Ag(RNH2)2]+Write an expression for the Kc for this reaction, and state its units. Kc = units Kc has the numerical value of 1.7 × 107 when R = H. Using your expression for Kc calculate the [NH3] needed to change the [Ag+] in a 0.10 mol dm–3 solution of silver nitrate to the value that you calculated in . [NH3] = mol dm–3 Explain whether you would expect the Kc for the reaction where R = C2H5 to be greater or less than that for the reaction where R = H.
11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
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For Examiner’s Use Iron metal and its compounds are useful catalysts in certain reactions. Apart from its catalytic activity, state two properties of iron or its compounds that show that it is a transition element. You are provided with a solution of KMnO4 of known concentration in a burette. Outline how you could use this solution to find out the concentration of Fe2+in a solution. You should include relevant equations for any reactions you describe. For each of the following equations, write the oxidation number of the element printed in bold underneath its symbol, and balance the equation by adding appropriate numbers before each species. MnO– 4 + SO2 + H2O → Mn2+ + SO2 – + H+ oxidation numbers: Cr2O2 – + NO2 + H+ → Cr3+ + NO– 3 + H2O oxidation numbers: For Examiner’s Use Outline the role that Fe3+ ions play in catalysing the reaction between iodide ions and peroxydisulfate(ions. 2I– + S2O2 – I2 + 2SO2 –
6. Electrochemistry  →  6.1. Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
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For Examiner’s Use What is meant by the term bond energy? Describe and explain what is observed when a red-hot wire is plunged into separate samples of the gaseous hydrogen halides HCl and HI. How are bond energy values useful in interpreting these observations? The following reaction occurs in the gas phase. 3F2+ Cl22ClF3, ∆H o— r = –328 kJ mol–1 Use these and other data from the Data Booklet to calculate the average bond energy of the Cl-F bond in Cl F3.
11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides
3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding
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For Examiner’s Use All the carbon atoms in benzene lie in the same plane. This means that they are coplanar, but this is not the case with cyclohexane. benzene cyclohexane By rotating the molecule around its several C–C bonds, all the carbon atoms in butane can be made to lie in the same plane, but this is not the case with methylpropane. CH2 CH3 CH2 H3C CH3 H3C H3C H butane methylpropane By considering the 3-dimensional geometry of the following five molecules, and allowing rotations around C–C bonds, decide whether or not the carbon atoms in each molecule can be arranged in a coplanar fashion. Then place a tick in the appropriate column in the table below. A B C D E CH3 CH3 CH3CH(OH)CO2H CH3 H2N O O C C H3C H3C O C NO2 H C compound all carbon atoms can be coplanar not all carbon atoms can be coplanar A B C D E For Examiner’s Use Methylbenzene can react with chlorine under different conditions to give the monochloro derivatives F and G. F G CH3 CH3 I II CH2Cl Cl Suggest reagents and conditions for each reaction. reaction I reaction II For Examiner’s Use Benzyl benzoate is a constituent of many perfumery products, and has also been used in the treatment of the skin condition known as scabies. It can be made from methylbenzene by the following route, which uses one of the chlorination reactions from . CO2H CH2OH CH3 III IV V VI H C CH2 O O benzyl benzoate Draw the structural formula of the intermediate H in the box above. For Examiner’s Use Suggest reagents and conditions for each reaction. reaction Ill reaction V reaction VI State the type of reaction occurring during reaction Ill, reaction V.
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
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For Examiner’s Use Compounds J and K are isomers with the molecular formula C5H11NO, and they contain the same functional group. They may both be obtained from ethanol by the following routes. CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CN CH3COCl CH3CH2COCl (C2H7N) NH3V K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + heat HBr + heat L M Q P J K N I II III IV VI VII Draw the structural formulae of the lettered compounds J to Q in the boxes above. For Examiner’s Use Suggest reagents and conditions for the following. reaction I reaction Il reaction IV What type of reaction is occurring in reaction IV, reaction VI? Name the functional group that is common to compounds J and K. Name the functional group that is common to compounds N and P.
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes
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Explain, using diagrams where appropriate, the types of interaction responsible for the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a protein. primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure For Examiner’s Use Enzymes are particular types of protein molecule. Explain briefly how enzymes are able to help to break down molecules in the body. The graph below shows the effect of inhibition on an enzyme-catalysed reaction. reaction rate V Vmax substrate concentration [S] State the type of inhibition shown, giving a reason to support your answer. type of inhibition reason
4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.3. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.1. Rate of reaction
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For Examiner’s Use The residues from organohalogen pesticides are known to be a major cause of the decline in numbers of different birds of prey in many countries. These residues are concentrated in birds at the top of food chains. Analysis of the bodies of birds of prey show that the pesticide residues accumulate in the fatty tissues of the birds. This is because of the high partition coefficient between the fat in the tissues and water found in blood. Explain what is meant by the term partition coefficient. A particular pesticide has a partition coefficient of 8.0 between the solvent hexane and water. If a 25 cm3 sample of water containing 0.0050 g of the pesticide is shaken with a 25 cm3 sample of hexane, calculate the mass of pesticide that will dissolve in the hexane layer. Compounds used as pesticides may contain bromine or chlorine. What would be the difference in the ratio of the M: M+2 peaks if the pesticide contained one chlorine rather than one bromine atom? If a given pesticide contains two chlorine atoms per molecule, deduce the relative heights of the M, M+2 and M+4 peaks. For Examiner’s Use The following graph shows the occurrence of pesticide residues in the eggs of fish-eating birds of prey upstream and downstream of a paper mill at Castlegar on the Columbia River in Canada. Columbia River Basin downstream of Castlegar TEQs parts per trillion upstream of Castlegar Furan 2378TCDF Dioxin 2378TCDD Other Dioxins / Furans PCBs PCBs, the dioxin 2378TCDD, and the furan 2378TCDF all come from chemicals containing chlorine. Suggest which compounds are present directly as a result of the paper mill. By studying the data for 1994, suggest which chemicalcome from sources other than the paper mill. Compare the downstream data for 1994 with that for 1997. Suggest what might be responsible for the change. A molecule of 2378TCDD contains four chlorine atoms. How many molecular ion peaks would this compound show in its mass spectrum?
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry
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Put the following items in order of increasing size. Use the number 1 to indicate the smallest and 3 to indicate the largest. length of DNA molecule in a chromosome nanosphere diameter cell diameter Nanotechnology has an increasing range of uses across a number of fields including sport. For example, golf clubs are now being made using nanomaterials. cross-section of normal golf club shaft cross-section of golf club shaft with nanomaterial fill Use the diagrams above and your knowledge of nanomaterials to suggest two properties of the new shafts. Explain your answers. For Examiner’s Use For Examiner’s Use A mixture of nano-sized particles of tungsten and vanadium(oxide can be applied to the surface of windows and reflects heat whilst letting all light in the visible range through. Suggest how this variable reflective property is possible using nano-sized particles. Although silver is well-known as a precious metal, its medicinal properties have been used for hundreds of years. In ancient Greece silver was used to purify water and until the development of antibiotics, silver was important in the treatment of large wounds. What property of silver makes it useful for jewellery? Suggest the property of silver that makes it useful in the treatment of large wounds. Suggest why nano-sized silver particles are more useful in treating wounds.
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.1. Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
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