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1

shows a sealed weather balloon which is stationary in still air. weather balloon instruments State whether the overall density of the balloon and its instruments is greater than, less than, or the same as the density of the surrounding air. At night, the gas inside the balloon cools. The pressure of the air outside the balloon remains the same. State whether the balloon rises, falls or remains stationary. Explain your answer. An object is released from the balloon. It starts at rest and eventually reaches a constant speed. On the axes of , sketch a speed–time graph to show this motion. speed time State the values of the initial acceleration and the final acceleration of the object. initial acceleration final acceleration

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.2. Motion

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2

Define the moment of a force. shows an object of negligible weight. The object is in equilibrium. 12 cm 20 cm pulley 50 kg mass object pivot P rope force F The object is free to rotate about its pivot P. Calculate the value of force F. F = Describe an experiment involving vertical forces to show that there is no net moment on an object in equilibrium. You may draw a diagram in the space provided.

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.5.2. Turning effect of forces

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3

shows water flowing at very slow speed over a cliff edge. water rocks 15 m cliff edge The water falls 15 m onto the rocks below. Show that the velocity of the water when it strikes the rocks is 17 m / s. 30 kg of water flows over the cliff edge every second. Calculate the force exerted by the rocks on the falling water. Ignore any splashing. force =

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.6. Momentum

1. Motion, forces and energy  →  1.2. Motion

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4

Pollen particles are mixed into a liquid. They are seen to move when observed through a microscope. Describe this movement. Explain this movement in terms of the molecules of the liquid and the pollen particles. Medical professionals sometimes rub ethanol over the skin of a patient. Ethanol evaporates readily at room temperature and has a high specific latent heat of vaporisation. State whether the patient experiences heating, cooling or neither at the site where the ethanol is applied. Explain your answer. statement explanation State any effect on the rate of evaporation of ethanol when a fan blows air over the patient’s skin.

2. Thermal physics  →  2.2.3. Melting, boiling and evaporation

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5

A machine delivers a hot drink in a plastic cup, which is uncomfortably hot to hold. shows the cup with the hot drink. hot drink plastic cup a shows the cup with the hot drink and a holder for the sides of the cup. b shows a cross-section through the holder. The holder is made from two strong paper cylinders separated by a wavy piece of strong paper to make air gaps. hot drink plastic cup holder holder a b Explain how using the holder makes it more comfortable to hold the cup. A student carries out experiments on the cooling of the hot drink described in , with and without the holder in place. He finds that the holder only reduces the rate of cooling slightly. Suggest and explain another action that reduces the rate of cooling more effectively. suggestion explanation State the method of thermal energy transfer from a star through the vacuum of space.

2. Thermal physics  →  2.2.3. Melting, boiling and evaporation

2. Thermal physics  →  2.2.1. Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases

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6

shows a ray of green light passing through a prism. prism ray of green light A ray of blue light is directed towards the prism on the same path as the ray of green light. On , draw the path of the blue light through and out of the prism. The wavelength of the blue light in air is 4.8 × 10–7 m. Calculate the frequency of the blue light. frequency =

3. Waves  →  3.2.4. Dispersion of light

3. Waves  →  3.2.2. Refraction of light

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7

shows two magnets and the gap between the N pole of one magnet and the S pole of the other magnet. S N S N On , draw three lines to show the pattern and direction of the magnetic field in the gap. is a repeat of showing the two magnets. On , draw the position of a plotting compass needle when it comes to rest in the gap between the N pole and the S pole. S N S N Explain why the needle comes to rest in this position. Describe a method of demagnetising a bar magnet.

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.1. Simple phenomena of magnetism

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8

Two identical radioactive sources emit α-particles and γ-rays into two vacuum tubes. shows two electrically charged plates on either side of one of the vacuum tubes. source initial path of beam of α-particles and γ-rays plate at +2500 V plate at –2500 V vacuum Write the symbol α once in Table 8.1 to indicate any deflection of the α-particles. Write the symbol γ once in Table 8.1 to indicate any deflection of the γ-rays. Table 8.1 into page out of page no deflection towards bottom of page towards top of page shows the poles of a very strong magnet on either side of the other vacuum tube. source initial path of beam of α-particles and γ-rays S pole of strong magnet N pole of strong magnet vacuum S N Write the symbol α once in Table 8.2 to indicate any deflection of the α-particles. Write the symbol γ once in Table 8.2 to indicate any deflection of the γ-rays. Table 8.2 into page out of page no deflection towards bottom of page towards top of page shows a simple direct current (d.c.) electric motor with a split-ring commutator. X coil brush split-ring N S State and explain the direction of rotation of the coil as seen from point X. statement explanation The coil rotates through 90° from the position shown. State what happens to the moment in this position. The coil is rotated through 180° from the position shown. By considering the forces on the coil, explain how the split-ring commutator enables the motor to turn continuously.

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.5.5. The d.c. motor

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.5.2. The a.c. generator

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9

shows a circuit. A M On , draw two clearly labelled arrows to show the direction of the electron flow and the direction of the conventional current in the circuit. The current in the motor is 13 A. The charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C. Calculate the number of electrons that pass through the motor every second. number of electrons =

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.2.2. Electric current

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.2.1. Electric charge

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10

shows the potential difference–current graph for a circuit component K. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 current / mA 6.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 potential difference / V 8.0 10.0 Calculate the resistance of component K when the current in it is 4.0 mA. resistance = shows a circuit containing component K. point X resistor R component K At low temperature, component K has a much greater resistance than resistor R. At high temperature, component K has a much smaller resistance than resistor R. State and explain the effect on the lamp when the temperature changes from very low to very high. Refer to the voltage at point X in your explanation. statement explanation State the name of component K.

4. Electricity and magnetism  →  4.2.4. Resistance

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11

A student investigates a radioactive substance in a laboratory. is a graph showing the count rate detected as the substance decays for 7.5 minutes. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 time / min count rate counts / min The background radiation is 20 counts / min. Determine the half-life of the substance. half-life = Calculate the count rate detected at time = 9.6 minutes. count rate = counts / min The substance emits α-particles and γ-rays. The student suggests that it is safe to store the substance in a plastic container of thickness 2 mm. State and explain whether the student’s suggestion is correct. statement explanation

5. Nuclear physics  →  5.2.1. Detection of radioactivity

5. Nuclear physics  →  5.2.4. Half-life

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