13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
A subsection of Chemistry, 9701, through 13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry
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The structure of nicotinamide is shown. nicotinamide NH2 N O The nitrogen atom in the six‑membered ring has one electron in an unhybridised p‑orbital. This electron becomes delocalised, becoming part of a single delocalised system of electrons. This delocalised system also includes: ● ● electrons from the carbon atoms in the six-membered ring ● ● the two electrons in the π bond of the C=O group ● ● the two electrons in the lone pair on the nitrogen atom of the amide group. State the number of delocalised electrons in one nicotinamide molecule. Predict the H–N–H bond angle in the NH2 group in nicotinamide. Nicotinamide can be synthesised from nicotinic acid. The synthesis involves two steps. nicotinamide NH2 N O nicotinic acid OH N O step 2 E step 1 Draw the structural formula of E in the box. Give the name or formula of a suitable reagent for step2. Nicotinamide reacts separately with aqueous acid and aqueous alkali. The six‑membered ring remains unchanged in these reactions. Complete the reaction scheme below to give the structural formula of the organic product of each reaction. NH2 N O NaOHreflux HCl reflux  Nicotinamide can be reduced to compound X. X NH2 N Identify a suitable reducing agent for this reaction. Predict and explain the relative basicities of the NH2 groups in phenylamine, C6H5NH2, nicotinamide and compound X. The height of the M peak in a mass spectrum of nicotinamide is 80. Calculate the expected height of the M+1 peak.  
9701_w19_qp_42
THEORY
2019
Paper 4, Variant 2
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