9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
A subsection of Chemistry, 9701, through 9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity
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An electrochemical cell is constructed using two half-cells. ● ● an Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell ● ● an Al 3+/Al half-cell State the material used for the electrode in each half-cell. ● ● Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell ● ● Al 3+/Al half-cell  The cell is operated at 298 K. The Al 3+/Al half-cell has standard concentrations. The Sn4+/Sn2+ half-cell has [Sn4+] = 0.300 mol dm–3 and [Sn2+] = 0.150 mol dm–3. Use the Nernst equation to calculate the electrode potential, E, of the Sn4+/Sn2+ half‑cell under these conditions.  E = V Calculate the Ecell under these conditions.  Ecell = V Write an equation for the overall cell reaction that occurs. Aluminium is produced industrially by electrolysis of a melt containing large amounts of Al 3+ions. Calculate the mass of aluminium that is obtained when a current of 300 000 A is passed for 24hours. Give your answer to three significant figures.  mass = units =  Explain why chromium metal cannot be obtained by the electrolysis of dilute aqueous chromium(sulfate. Your answer should include data from the Data Booklet. 
9701_w19_qp_43
THEORY
2019
Paper 4, Variant 3
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Table1 gives physical data for some of the Period3 elements. Table 1 atomic number, Z bonding present in element M C first ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 maximum oxidation number +7 anionic radius / nm – – – 0.271 0.212 0.184 0.181 Complete the row in the table labelled ‘bonding present in element’. Use C = covalent, I = ionic, M = metallic, as appropriate. Explain the difference between the first ionisation energies of the elements with atomic numbers 11 and 17. Explain the difference between the first ionisation energies of the elements with atomic numbers 15 and 16. Complete the row in the table labelled ‘maximum oxidation number’. Explain the variation in anionic radius for the elements with atomic numbers 14 to 17. Use the axes to sketch a graph that shows the trend in melting points of the elements with atomic numbers 11 to 17. atomic number, Z melting point of element  Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table in 1869. Mendeleev used his knowledge of chemical periodicity to propose the properties of gallium, 31Ga, a Group13 element. Table2 gives some chemical and physical data of elements in Group13. Table 2 element density / g cm–3 boiling point / K cationic radius / nm 5B 2.34 0.020 13Al 0.050 31Ga 5.91 49In 7.30 0.081 81Tl 11.8 0.095 Complete the table by predicting values for the missing data. Indium and aluminium are elements in Group13 of the Periodic Table. Indium has very similar chemical properties to aluminium. ● Indium reacts vigorously with hydrochloric acid to form a colourless gas and a salt in solution. ● Indium oxide, In2O3, is amphoteric. ● Gaseous indium bromide has the formula In2Br6. This molecule contains coordinate bonds. Identify the formula of the salt formed when indium reacts with hydrochloricacid. Construct an equation for the reaction of In2O3 with excess aqueous NaOH. Draw a diagram that clearly shows the types of bond present in In2Br6.  
9701_w21_qp_22
THEORY
2021
Paper 2, Variant 2
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