16. Reproduction
A section of Biology, 0610
Listing 10 of 757 questions
Use shows stages in the formation of a human fetus. fetus ball of cells fertilised egg cell sperm cell egg cell amniotic sac amniotic fluid Name the process of cell division that results in the formation of sperm cells. State one way in which the sperm cell is different from cells in the developing fetus. State the term used to describe the fertilised egg cell. Explain what determines that a fertilised egg cell develops into a girl rather than a boy. State where each of the following is produced. the egg cell the fertilised egg the fetus Examiner's Use The fetus is surrounded by amniotic fluid and an amniotic sac. State their functions. amniotic fluid amniotic sac Outline the role of the placenta in the development of the fetus. Describe the role of the placenta in maintaining pregnancy.
0610_s05_qp_3
THEORY
2005
Paper 3, Variant 0
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For Examiner's Use shows a human egg cell and a human sperm cell. 10 µm human sperm cell human egg cell 100 µm What is the name given to the release of eggs from the ovary? Sperm cells and egg cells are haploid. State the meaning of the term haploid. For Examiner's Use Complete the table to compare egg cells with sperm cells. feature egg cells sperm cells site of production relative size numbers produced mobility Three hormones that control the menstrual cycle are: • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • luteinising hormone (LH) • oestrogen. Name the site of production and release of oestrogen. Describe the role of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle. Artificial insemination is sometimes used as a treatment for female infertility. Outline how artificial insemination is carried out in humans.
0610_s10_qp_31
THEORY
2010
Paper 3, Variant 1
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For Examiner's Use The egg cell is the female gamete. shows an ovum at the time of ovulation. The ovum is surrounded by a ‘jelly coat’ and many follicle cells. 0.14 mm egg cell ‘jelly coat’ follicle cells Calculate the magnification of the egg cell as shown in . Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number. answer = State three ways in which the structure of an egg cell, as shown in , differs from the structure of a sperm cell. Meiosis is involved in the production of male and female gametes. Explain why it is important that meiosis occurs during the production of gametes. For Examiner's Use Some women are unable to become pregnant because they or their partner are infertile. Suggest one reason why a man may be infertile and one reason why a woman may be infertile. man woman One way to treat infertility in a woman is to use artificial insemination (Ausing her partner’s sperm. The stages involved in AI are as follows. 1. If the doctor decides that AI is suitable, the woman will be given a course of a fertility drug at an appropriate stage of her menstrual cycle. 2. After two weeks, ultrasound is used to find out when the woman is likely to ovulate. 3. Sperm are collected from the man. 4. The sperm are placed into the uterus of the woman near the time of ovulation. 5. The woman is given an injection of a hormone to encourage the corpus luteum in the ovary to secrete progesterone. Explain why the sperm must be placed in the uterus near the time of ovulation. For Examiner's Use Explain why it is important that progesterone is secreted after ovulation. The success rate of AI is about 16 %. Suggest how the success rate of AI is calculated.
0610_s12_qp_33
THEORY
2012
Paper 3, Variant 3
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The menstrual cycle involves monthly changes in the ovary and the uterus. shows the sequence of changes within the ovary that occur during the menstrual cycle. R S T Name structures R and S. R S State the name of the process that is occurring at T. The ovary secretes hormones that control the growth and maintenance of the lining of the uterus. Name the hormone that stimulates: the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first half of the menstrual cycle the maintenance of the lining of the uterus during the second half of the menstrual cycle. is an electron micrograph showing a sperm cell on the surface of an egg cell. State three ways in which a sperm cell differs from an egg cell. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Human egg and sperm cells have 23 chromosomes each. What term is used to describe the number of chromosomes in a gamete, such as an egg cell or a sperm cell? State the organ in which fertilisation occurs in humans. Describe what happens between the event shown in and implantation in the uterus. Clomiphene citrate is a fertility drug that has been available for over 50 years. As part of a fertility treatment clomiphene citrate is taken once a day (daily dose) for about five days. Researchers investigated the use of the drug in Denmark between 1974 and 1993. The results of their study are shown in . total number of daily doses of clomiphene citrate per year year 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Describe the change in the use of clomiphene citrate in Denmark between 1974 and 1993. Use data from in your answer. Clomiphene citrate is used as part of a treatment cycle to help women become pregnant. Often this involves artificial insemination (A. Describe how a treatment cycle involving fertility drugs and AI would be carried out.
0610_s15_qp_33
THEORY
2015
Paper 3, Variant 3
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is a flow diagram showing the events that occur to form a human fetus. haploid egg cell diploid cell ovary organ P process Q process R process T process U haploid sperm cell diploid cell diploid cell S embryo fetus Complete Table 6.1 by using the information in the flow diagram to identify the cell, the organ and the processes shown in . Table 6.1 cell, organ or process name of the cell, organ or process organ P cell S process Q produces haploid sperm and eggs process R produces diploid cell S process T occurs so that cell S can grow into an embryo process U occurs so that the embryo can gain oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood State why it is important that sperm and egg cells are haploid and not diploid. State the function of the jelly coat that surrounds egg cells. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words. The placenta provides a large surface area for the of oxygen and carbon dioxide between maternal and fetal blood. Dissolved nutrients also pass across the placenta. Examples of dissolved nutrients are: acids, and . Antibodies pass from the maternal blood giving natural immunity to the baby for some infections that the mother has had or has been vaccinated against. Each different type of vaccine contains one or more taken from the that causes the disease.
0610_s22_qp_41
THEORY
2022
Paper 4, Variant 1
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Questions Discovered
757