11. Organic chemistry
A section of Chemistry, 0620
Listing 10 of 1367 questions
Addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation are two types of polymerisation. Which functional group is present in all the monomers which are used to make addition polymers? Part of an addition polymer is shown. C CH3 H C CH3 H C CH3 H C CH3 H C CH3 H C CH3 H How many monomer units are needed to make the part of the addition polymer shown? Draw the structure of the monomer that is used to make this addition polymer. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds. Name the monomer. name  State the empirical formula of: the monomer the polymer.  Complex carbohydrates are natural condensation polymers. They can be broken down into colourless monomers which can then be separated and identified. X is a complex carbohydrate. Starting with a sample of X, describe how to produce, separate, detect and identify the monomers which make it up. Your answer should include: ● ● the name of the process used to break down X into its monomers ● ● two types of substance that can be used to break down X ● ● the name of the process used to separate the monomers ● ● the method used to detect the monomers after they have been separated ● ● the method used to identify the monomers after they have been separated and detected. Synthetic polyamides are condensation polymers. Name a synthetic polyamide. Synthetic polyamides can be made by reacting carboxylic acids with amines. Name the other substance that is produced in this reaction. 
0620_w19_qp_43
THEORY
2019
Paper 4, Variant 3
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Natural polyamides are polymers made from amino acid monomers. State the type of polymerisation reaction that occurs when natural polyamides form. State the term given to natural polyamides. An amino acid is represented as shown in . H2N COOH Complete to show the general structure of an amino acid. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups. C H Three different amino acids are represented as shown in . H2N COOH amino acid A H2N COOH amino acid B H2N COOH amino acid C Complete the diagram in to show the part of the structure of the natural polyamide that forms when the three amino acids, A, B and C, combine. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages. A mixture of the three amino acids, A, B and C, can be separated and the amino acids identified using paper chromatography. Complete the equation for Rf. Rf = A sample of the mixture of the three amino acids, A, B and C, is placed onto the baseline and a chromatogram is allowed to develop as shown in . The finished chromatogram is shown in . solvent baseline mixture placed here The amino acids, A, B and C, are colourless. Water is used as the solvent. Explain why the baseline is drawn in pencil. State the type of substance used to make the colourless amino acids visible on the chromatogram in . Explain why in only two spots are seen from the mixture of three amino acids. Suggest how the experiment can be changed to separate all three amino acids.
0620_w24_qp_41
THEORY
2024
Paper 4, Variant 1
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Polyamides and polyesters are polymers. Polyamides can occur naturally or can be manufactured. Part of the structure of a polyamide is shown in . C O C O C C O O N H N H N H N H C O On , draw a circle around one amide linkage. Complete to show the structures of the two monomers needed to make the polymer in . Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups. Name the other product formed in this polymerisation. State the term given to natural polyamides. Name the type of monomers which are used to make natural polyamides. One of the monomers which forms part of a natural polyamide has three carbon atoms. Complete to show the displayed formula of this monomer. C H PET is a polyester. Name the two types of monomer molecules needed to make polyesters. and Draw part of the structure of PET which shows two repeat units. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.
0620_w24_qp_42
THEORY
2024
Paper 4, Variant 2
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