explain the factors influencing the electronegativities of the elements in terms of nuclear charge, atomic radius and shielding by inner shells and sub-shells
state that, in general, ionic, covalent and metallic bonding are stronger than intermolecular forces
describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is: (a) giant ionic, including sodium chloride and magnesium oxide (b) simple molecular, including iodine, buckminsterfullerene \( C_{60} \) and ice (c) giant molecular, including silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond (d) giant metallic, including copper