9700_s22_qp_42
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
10
Year:
2022
Paper:
4
Variant:
2
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1
The jaguar, Panthera onca, is a large cat that lives mainly in South America. The majority of jaguars have light brown fur with black spots, as shown in . Some jaguars have completely black fur, as shown in . The pigments involved in fur colour are produced as a result of biochemical pathways that take place in cells called melanocytes. These pathways are similar to those that occur in human melanocytes. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is located on the cell surface membrane of melanocytes and is coded for by the MC1R gene. outlines the processes that occur in jaguar melanocytes. phaeomelanin (light brown) eumelanin MC1R not activated MC1R activated MC1R substance X tyrosine cell surface membrane Name the substance represented by X. When MC1R is activated a second messenger is produced in the cell. Give an example of a second messenger. Substance X is also produced in humans, but a mutation of the TYR gene can result in substance X not being produced. Describe the phenotype of a person with this mutation. The MC1R gene has two alleles and is located on an autosome. • When two jaguars with light brown fur mate all the offspring have light brown fur. • When two jaguars with black fur mate either all the offspring will have black fur or some offspring will have black fur and some will have light brown fur. Using symbols, construct a genetic diagram to show how two jaguars with black fur can produce some offspring with black fur and some offspring with light brown fur.
16. Inheritance  →  16.2. The roles of genes in determining the phenotype
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2
Photosynthesis is affected by many environmental factors. Explain why light intensity can be a limiting factor in photosynthesis. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) can also be a limiting factor. It has an effect on the Calvin cycle in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), triose phosphate (TP) and glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) are three important molecules in the Calvin cycle. shows how the concentration of GP changes when the concentration of CO2 is reduced from 0.04% to 0.008%. Complete by sketching the lines for RuBP and TP when the concentration of CO2 is reduced from 0.04% to 0.008%. time GP GP TP RuBP relative concentration of Calvin cycle molecules atmospheric CO2 0.04% reduced CO2 concentration 0.008% In very dry conditions, CO2 concentration can become the main limiting factor of photosynthesis in plants. Explain how very dry conditions cause CO2 concentration to become the main limiting factor of photosynthesis in plants. A factor that can limit the rate of photosynthesis is the rate of regeneration of RuBP. Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) is an enzyme in the Calvin cycle that controls the rate of regeneration of RuBP. SBPase is coded for by the gene SBPase. In an experiment, wheat plants were genetically modified to make more SBPase by introducing the SBPase gene from another grass species, Brachypodium distachyon. The resulting GM wheat plants were named Sox4. • Wild type plants (not GM) and Sox4 plants were grown in a greenhouse. • Light intensity, CO2 concentration and temperature were kept constant. • Mature plants were removed and dried to measure the biomass. shows the mean plant biomass for the wild type plants and GM Sox4 plants. mean plant biomass / g wheat plants wild type Sox4 Calculate the percentage change in mean plant biomass when Sox4 plants are grown compared to wild type plants. Show your working. percentage change = % Suggest and explain why Sox4 plants have a different mean plant biomass than wild type plants. Some soils may be deficient in nitrates. Suggest how nitrate deficiency could limit the quantity of SBPase made by Sox4 plants.
13. Photosynthesis  →  13.2. Investigation of limiting factors
13. Photosynthesis  →  13.1. Photosynthesis as an energy transfer process
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4
In 1973, a technique for genetic engineering was used for the first time. Recombinant DNA was made using a plasmid and this was successfully transferred into an organism. In 2012, a new technique for genetic engineering, called gene editing, was developed. Table 4.1 lists some statements about the two genetic engineering techniques. Complete Table 4.1 to compare the original genetic engineering technique using a plasmid vector with the newer technique of gene editing. For each row, place a tick (3) in the correct column if the statement applies and leave a blank if the statement does not apply. Table 4.1 statement genetic engineering using a plasmid gene editing It may cause the organism to produce a different protein. It may cause a single base pair in a gene to be changed. The success of the technique can be evaluated using marker genes. It may use the CRISPR system. It uses DNA ligase. Cassava plants, Manihot esculenta, produce roots that have a high starch content. These roots are an important food source in tropical regions. The growth of cassava plants is reduced by competition from weeds. Scientists used gene editing to develop two types of cassava plant with different mutations (changes to the DNA). The gene edited cassava plants showed resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. In susceptible plants, glyphosate prevents synthesis of three amino acids from a precursor molecule called shikimate. shows the concentration of shikimate in the wild type (not gene edited) and the two types of gene edited cassava plant after they were exposed to three different concentrations of glyphosate. shikimate concentration / arbitrary units type of cassava plant Key: glyphosate / μmol dm–3 A B C Identify the letter in that represents the wild type cassava plant. Explain the social benefit of this example of gene editing.
19. Genetic technology  →  19.1. Principles of genetic technology
19. Genetic technology  →  19.3. Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
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5
Bison are a type of large wild cattle. Ancestors of modern bison appeared in Asia 2.5 million years ago. This ancestral bison species increased its range into Europe and North America. While the ancestral species is now extinct, its descendants include Bison bonasus, the European bison, and Bison bison, the American bison. shows an American bison. After the end of the last ice age, populations of the ancestral bison were separated by sea and by forests that were not suitable as habitats. The separation resulted in the evolution of the European bison and the American bison. Explain how this separation resulted in the evolution of the two bison species. Table 5.1 compares features of European bison and American bison. Table 5.1 feature European bison, B. bonasus American bison, B. bison type of food grass and higher vegetation such as leaves of bushes and trees grass and low vegetation height / m 2.1 2.0 maximum mass / kg Assess the relative importance of natural selection and genetic drift in producing the different heights and masses of the two species of bison. The European bison has a nuclear genome that is very similar to that of the American bison. The European bison has a mitochondrial genome that is more similar to that of wild cattle of the genus Bos than to the American bison. Discuss what this implies about the evolutionary history of the European bison. Outline how practical techniques could be used to test the hypothesis that farmed cattle are closely related to European bison.
17. Selection and evolution  →  17.3. Evolution
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.3. Conservation
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.1. Classification
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Gibberellin is a plant hormone that has an important role in seed germination. is a diagram of a section through a barley seed . embryo aleurone layer endosperm On : • Draw one arrow, labelled G, to show the movement of gibberellin during germination. • Draw one arrow, labelled A, to show the movement of amylase during germination. Outline the role of amylase in seed germination. The germination of three groups of seeds of the plant Penstemon digitalis was investigated. The seeds were soaked for 24 hours in distilled water or in a solution of gibberellin. They were then sown on filter paper in dishes and kept moist for 10 days. shows the results for each group. percentage germination group C 1000 mg dm–3 gibberellin solution group B 500 mg dm–3 gibberellin solution group A distilled water time after soaking / days
15. Control and coordination  →  15.2. Control and coordination in plants
16. Inheritance  →  16.2. The roles of genes in determining the phenotype
4. Cell membranes and transport  →  4.2. Movement into and out of cells
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The bacterium, Escherichia coli, can use glucose or disaccharides, such as lactose, in its metabolism. Lactose needs to be hydrolysed by the enzyme β-galactosidase to form glucose and galactose, which can then be used by E. coli. The production of β-galactosidase is controlled by a length of DNA called the lac operon. shows the lac operon when lactose is absent. P O lacZ lacY lacA RNA polymerase repressor On , draw the positions of RNA polymerase and the repressor molecule when lactose is present. P O lacZ lacY lacA The protein coded for by lacY is not involved in the control of gene expression. Name the type of gene represented by lacY. Name the protein product coded for by lacY and state the precise role of this protein. In an investigation into the growth of E. coli, a sample of the bacterium was grown in a medium that contained limited concentrations of glucose and lactose. The population size of E. coli was measured at regular intervals. shows the population growth curve obtained for this investigation. E. coli population size time Describe and suggest explanations for the population growth curve shown in .
16. Inheritance  →  16.3. Gene control
19. Genetic technology  →  19.1. Principles of genetic technology
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8
The role of sensory receptor cells in mammals is to detect stimuli and generate action potentials in sensory neurones. Human taste buds on the tongue contain chemoreceptor cells. Different chemoreceptor cells respond to different chemical stimuli. is a diagram of chemoreceptor cells in a taste bud. Y tight junction support cell chemoreceptor cell A sensory neurone B Name the structures in the region Y. Suggest a reason for the tight junctions between the chemoreceptor cells. Chemoreceptor cell A responds to sodium ions (Na+) in salt. Describe how the contact of cell A with Na+ can result in an action potential in sensory neurone B.
15. Control and coordination  →  15.1. Control and coordination in mammals
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9
Ultrafiltration in the kidney takes place between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule. The afferent blood vessel carrying blood to the glomerulus has a wider lumen than the efferent blood vessel. Explain why the lumen of the afferent blood vessel needs to be wider than the lumen of the efferent blood vessel. is a diagram of part of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule. B A blood capillary lumen of Bowman’s capsule Name A and B. A B Describe the roles of A and B in the formation of the glomerular filtrate.
14. Homeostasis  →  14.1. Homeostasis in mammals
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10
The African penguin, Spheniscus demersus, lives along the coast of South Africa. shows two African penguins. One way of estimating the size of a population of African penguins is to use the mark-release- recapture method. Suggest three assumptions that must be made for the mark-release-recapture method to be valid. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species has categorised the African penguin as endangered and could become extinct. Suggest reasons why the African penguin has become endangered and could become extinct. shows the estimated numbers of African penguins in the years of 1800, 1900 and 2000. 1 000 000 2 000 000 estimated population size year 3 000 000 4 000 000 Calculate the mean yearly decrease in population size of the African penguin between 1900 and 2000. answer = yr –1 The African penguin is a member of the kingdom Animalia. Outline the characteristic features of the kingdom Animalia.
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.3. Conservation
18. Classification, biodiversity and conservation  →  18.2. Biodiversity
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