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1

The isotopic composition of an element is indicated below. relative abundance mass number What is the relative atomic mass of the element?

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.1. Relative masses of atoms and molecules

22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry

1. Atomic structure  →  1.2. Isotopes

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2

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Oxides of nitrogen are pollutant gases which are emitted from car exhausts. In urban traffic, when a car travels one kilometre, it releases 0.23 g of an oxide of nitrogen NxOy, which occupies 120 cm3. What are the values of x and y?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

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3

John Dalton’s atomic theory, published in 1808, contained four predictions about atoms. Which of his predictions is still considered to be correct?

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.1. Relative masses of atoms and molecules

1. Atomic structure  →  1.1. Particles in the atom and atomic radius

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4

The diagrams show the possible paths of subatomic particles moving in an electric field in a vacuum. + + + electrons neutrons protons – – – Which diagrams are correct?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.1. Particles in the atom and atomic radius

1. Atomic structure  →  1.3. Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

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5

The CN– ion is widely used in the synthesis of organic compounds. What is the pattern of electron pairs in this ion?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.3. Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.7. Dot-and-cross diagrams

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6

Plastic bottles for ‘fizzy drinks’ are made from a polymer with the following structure. C C H H H X n The ability of the polymer to prevent escape of carbon dioxide through the wall of the bottle depends on the ability of the group X to form hydrogen bonds with the carbon dioxide in the drink. Which group X best prevents loss of carbon dioxide?

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.6. Intermolecular forces, electronegativity and bond properties

20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation

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7

An exothermic chemical reaction proceeds by two stages. reactants intermediate products stage 1 stage 2 The activation energy of stage 1 is 50 kJ mol–1. The overall enthalpy change of reaction is –100 kJ mol–1. Which diagram represents the reaction pathway for this reaction?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

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8

Skiers trapped by snowstorms use heat packs to keep warm. The heat may be generated by the reaction below. 4Fe+ 3O2→ 2Fe2O3; ∆HO = –1648 kJ What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iron(oxide?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

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9

Two equilibria are shown...

7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

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10

The Boltzmann distribution shows the number of molecules having a particular kinetic energy at constant temperature. number of gas molecules having a given energy kinetic energy N L M Ea If the temperature is decreased by 10 °C, what happens to the size of the areas labelled L, M and N?

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

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11

In the diagram, curve X was obtained by observing the decomposition of 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrogen peroxide, catalysed by manganese(oxide. volume of oxygen formed time Y X Which alteration to the original experimental conditions would produce curve Y?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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12

Which chlorine compound has bonding that can be described as ionic with some covalent character?

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.2. Ionic bonding

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.1. Electronegativity and bonding

4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure

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13

Al Cl3 reacts with LiAl H4 and (CH3)3N to give (CH3)3NAl H3. Which statement about (CH3)3NAl H3 is correct?

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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14

Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, may be made from limestone, CaCO3. On heating in a lime kiln at 1000 °C, limestone decomposes as follows. reaction 1 CaCO3→ CaO+ CO2Water is then reacted with calcium oxide, CaO, as follows. reaction 2 CaO+ H2O→ Ca(OH)2What are the enthalpy changes of these reactions?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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15

In the treatment of domestic water supplies, chlorine is added to the water to form chloric(acid, HClO. Cl2+ H2O(→ H++ Cl –+ HClOThis reacts further to give the chlorate(ion. HClO+ H2O(→ H3O++ ClO–Both HClO and ClO– kill bacteria by oxidation. What is the change in oxidation number of chlorine in forming the chlorate(ion from the aqueous chlorine?

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

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16

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of HCl and HI are –92 kJ mol–1 and +26 kJ mol–1 respectively. Which statement is most important in explaining this difference?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

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17

Methyl mercaptan, CH3SH, is one of the substances responsible for bad breath and is often used to impart a smell to natural gas in a pipeline. What will be formed when CH3SH is burned in an excess of air?

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

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18

A solid nitrate fertiliser reacts with an alkali to produce a gas which turns damp pH paper blue. What is the empirical formula of this fertiliser?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas

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19

Glucose, C6H12O6, is a product of photosynthesis. It has the following structure. H OH OH H OH OH H HO H H H H C C C C C C O How many chiral centres does the molecule have?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.3. Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

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20

Under the Montreal Protocol, the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons has been phased out, and they are being replaced by fluorocarbons. One chlorofluorocarbon which was widely used as a solvent is CCl2FCCl F2. Large stocks of it remain. One process to use up these stocks is to convert it into the fluorocarbon CH2FCF3 by the following route. CCl2FCCl F2 CCl3CF3 CCl2FCF3 CH2FCF3 step 1 step 2 step 3 What type of reaction is step 2?

21. Organic synthesis  →  21.1. Organic synthesis

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.2. Characteristic organic reactions

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21

Which reagent could be used to convert CH3CO2CH3 into ClCH2CO2CH3?

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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22

In which reaction is a carbocation (carbonium ion) an intermediate?

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

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23

The compound 1,2-dichloroethene, C2H2Cl 2, has been used as an industrial solvent for a number of compounds including fats, camphor and caffeine. Which statement about this compound is incorrect?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

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24

Which term describes the action of NaOHon a bromoalkane?

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.2. Characteristic organic reactions

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25

X and Y are the reagents required to convert 1-bromopropane into butanoic acid. C H H H C H H H OH O H C C C H H H C H H H H C Br C H H H C H H H H C CN X Y What are the correct identities of X and Y?

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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26

An alcohol with molecular formula CnH2n+1OH has a chiral carbon atom but does not react with − MnO / H+. What is the least number of carbon atoms such an alcohol could possess?

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

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27

Which reagent gives the same visible result with propanal and with propan-2-ol?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

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28

Compound X will decolourise a warm acidified solution of manganate(ions and forms orange crystals on reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. What is X?

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas

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29

Which compound would undergo nucleophilic addition?

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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30

Which formula represents the organic compound formed by the reaction of propanoic acid with methanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

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31

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. The technetium–99 isotope (99Tc) is radioactive and has been found in lobsters and seaweed adjacent to nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Which statements are correct about an atom of 99Tc?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.2. Isotopes

1. Atomic structure  →  1.1. Particles in the atom and atomic radius

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32

Which of the following solids contain more than one type of chemical bond?

4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

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33

Many crude oils contain sulphur as H2S. During refining, by the Claus process, the H2S is converted into solid sulphur, which is then removed. reaction I 2H2S+ 3O2→ 2H2O+ 2SO2reaction II 2H2S+ SO2→ 2H2O+ 3SWhich statements about the Claus process are correct?

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.2. Esters

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

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34

Two bulbs R and S, connected by a mercury manometer, are held in a thermostat, as shown...

7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

4. States of matter  →  4.1. The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and \( pV = nRT \)

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35

Which statements concerning the third period elements (sodium to argon) and their compounds are correct?

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

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36

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. The element astatine lies below iodine in Group VII of the Periodic Table. What will be the properties of astatine?

11. Group 17  →  11.1. Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

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37

Nitrogen and oxygen react in a hot car engine to form nitrogen monoxide which is a serious pollutant in our cities and in the countryside. However, nitrogen and oxygen do not react at room temperature. Which statements help to explain why nitrogen and oxygen do not react at room temperature?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

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38

What types of reaction are undergone by 2-bromopropane?

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.2. Characteristic organic reactions

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39

Menthol, from oil of mint, is used in soaps and perfumes. CH2 CH2 CH(OH) CH2 CH CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 menthol Which statements about menthol are correct?

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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40

Fats and grease that build up on pans used in cooking are esters. Pans which are dirty from fats or grease may be cleaned by heating them with a reagent that will react with the ester group. What may be used to clean such pans by this reaction?

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.2. Esters

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

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