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1

The molecules of a gas at a constant temperature, T1, have the distribution of molecular energies shown...

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

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2

The diagram shows the pathways of a reaction, with and without a catalyst. Which letter represents the overall energy change for the reaction?

5. Chemical energetics  →  5.1. Enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\)

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.3. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

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3

People are advised to eat less than 6.00 g of salt (sodium chloride) per day for health reasons. Which mass of sodium is present in 6.00 g of sodium chloride?

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.2. Ionic bonding

1. Atomic structure  →  1.1. Particles in the atom and atomic radius

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4

When copper reacts with a 50% solution of nitric acid, nitrogen monoxide is evolved and a blue solution results. The balanced equation for this reaction is shown...

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas

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5

What is the electronic configuration of an isolated Ni2+ ion?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.3. Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

1. Atomic structure  →  1.4. Ionisation energy

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6

When solid aluminium chloride is heated, Al 2Cl 6 is formed. Which bonding is present in Al 2Cl 6?

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.1. Electronegativity and bonding

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7

In which hydride is the H–X–H bond angle the smallest?

11. Group 17  →  11.1. Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

3. Chemical bonding  →  3.4. Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

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8

In an experiment, a sample of a pure gas is put into a gas syringe at a temperature of 300 K and pressure of 16 kPa. The gas is compressed until the volume occupied by the gas is halved. After compression, the temperature of the gas in the syringe is 375 K and the pressure is 40 kPa. Which statement is correct?

4. States of matter  →  4.1. The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and \( pV = nRT \)

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9

In a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel are burnt. 45.0% of the energy released is absorbed by 200 g of water. The temperature of the water rises from 18.0 °C to 66.0 °C. What is the total energy released per gram of fuel burnt (to 3 significant figures)?

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

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10

Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to produce ammonia. N2+ 3H22NH3A mixture of 2.00 mol of nitrogen, 6.00 mol of hydrogen and 2.40 mol of ammonia is allowed to reach equilibrium in a sealed vessel of volume 1 dm3. It was found that 2.32 mol of nitrogen were present in the equilibrium mixture. What is the value of Kc?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

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11

Lithium reacts with nitrogen at room temperature to form solid Li3N. Three vessels of equal volume are connected by taps, A and B, as shown...

7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

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12

The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation energy with proton number for some elements. The letters used are not the usual symbols for the elements. first ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 proton number P Q R S T U V W X Which statement about the elements is correct?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.4. Ionisation energy

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13

Which element shows the greatest tendency to form covalent compounds?

10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure

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14

Elements Y and Z are both in Period 3. When the chloride of Y is added to water, it reacts and a solution of pH 2 is produced. When the chloride of Z is added to water, it dissolves and a solution of pH 7 is produced. Which statement explains these observations?

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

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15

When chlorine reacts with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide, two chlorine-containing ions are formed. One of these is the chloride ion, Cl –. What is the other ion?

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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16

J is a salt of one of the halogens chlorine, bromine, iodine or astatine. The reaction scheme shows a series of reactions using a solution of J as the starting reagent. Ja precipitate a colourless solution a precipitate HNO3AgNO3an excess of dilute NH3an excess of HNO3What could J be?

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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17

When heated, magnesium nitrate decomposes. Which equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate is correct?

10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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18

Chlorine and bromine have different volatilities. Which row identifies the more volatile of the two elements, and gives the correct explanation?

11. Group 17  →  11.1. Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry

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19

Water and ammonia take part in a reaction that produces the ammonium ion. Which statement about this reaction is correct?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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20

Limonene is found in lemon and orange oils. limonene What will be the major product when limonene is reacted with an excess of dry hydrogen chloride?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes

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21

The compound rotundone is responsible for the peppery smell of pepper and is also found in some red wines. O rotundone How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of rotundone?

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22

The reaction CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH– → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br– proceeds via an SN2 mechanism. The reaction (CH3)3CBr + OH– → (CH3)3COH + Br– proceeds via an SN1 mechanism. Which statement about these two reactions is correct?

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.2. Characteristic organic reactions

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23

The equation shows a reaction that occurs between carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide in a catalytic converter. 2CO+ 2NO→ 2CO2+ N2Which statement is correct?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

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24

Which statement about stereoisomers is correct?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

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25

Which compound can be oxidised by acidified potassium manganate(to give 3-methylpentan-2-one?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

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26

Ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH2CH2OH, reacts with an excess of ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, in the presence of an acid catalyst. A compound is formed with the molecular formula C6H10O4. What is the structure of this compound?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

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27

Compound X is heated with a mild oxidising agent. One of the products of the reaction will react with hydrogen cyanide, forming 2-hydroxybutanenitrile. What is compound X?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

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28

Which row correctly describes the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones?

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

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29

How many of the compounds shown...

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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30

Some vegetable oils contain ‘trans fats’ that are associated with undesirable increases in the amount of cholesterol in the blood. In these oils the word ‘trans’ describes, in the usual way, the arrangement of groups at a C=C double bond. In the diagrams below, R1 and R2 are different unbranched hydrocarbon chains. Which diagram correctly shows an optically active ‘trans fat’?

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.3. Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes

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31

Photochromic lenses in spectacles darken in sunlight because silver crystals are produced by the reaction shown...

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine

6. Electrochemistry  →  6.1. Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)

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32

A cathedral in New Zealand has been constructed from cardboard. Cardboard contains polymer molecules. Part of one such polymer molecule is shown...

20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation

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33

X is an element that has ● its outer electrons in the 4th principal quantum shell, ● a higher 1st ionisation energy than calcium. What could be the identity of X?

1. Atomic structure  →  1.3. Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

1. Atomic structure  →  1.4. Ionisation energy

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34

Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced industrially by reacting CO with H2. CO+ 2H2CH3OH∆H = –91 kJ mol–1 The process can be carried out at 4 × 103 kPa and 1150 K. Which statements about this reaction are correct?

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.1. Rate of reaction

8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

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35

Equal masses of barium carbonate and magnesium carbonate powders are mixed together. The mixture is then heated using a Bunsen burner flame until there is no further change. A gas is given off. Which statements are correct?

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

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36

Oxides of both sulfur and nitrogen are present in the atmosphere. Which statements are correct?

12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

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37

A species of termite produces a chemical defence secretion which contains the molecule shown...

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions

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38

1-bromopropane reacts with NaOH in different ways depending on the solvent used. Which statements about this reaction are correct?

15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes

19. Nitrogen compounds  →  19.1. Primary amines

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39

The compound shown...

17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones

16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols

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40

Which statements about the formation of a carboxylic acid are correct?

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids

19. Nitrogen compounds  →  19.2. Nitriles and hydroxynitriles

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