11.2. Antibodies and vaccination
A subsection of Biology, 9700, through 11. Immunity
Listing 10 of 181 questions
A person’s blood group is determined by antigens present on the red blood cells. The table shows the antigens and antibodies in the blood of people with different blood groups. blood group presence of A or B antigens on red blood cells presence of antibodies to A or B in plasma A A only anti-B only B B only anti-A only AB A and B neither O neither anti-A and anti-B During a blood transfusion, it is essential that the person who receives the blood does not have antibodies to the donor’s blood. Which blood groups can be given to a person with blood group B?
9700_s22_qp_12
MCQ
2022
Paper 1, Variant 2
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease which causes the body’s immune system to attack its own cells. The disease can be treated using monoclonal antibodies. The table shows how five different monoclonal antibodies can work. monoclonal antibody mode of action binding to proteins on cell surfaces and triggering the immune system blocking molecules on cell surfaces that inhibit T-lymphocytes blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger cell division binding to antigens on cell surfaces and releasing a drug blocking cell signalling receptors that trigger the immune response Inflammation and swelling of joints are symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. The cytokine, TNFalpha, activates cells in the immune system leading to death of cells in the joint. Which types of monoclonal antibody could be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
9700_s22_qp_13
MCQ
2022
Paper 1, Variant 3
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A person’s blood group is determined by antigens present on the red blood cells. Antibodies in the plasma of the person who receives the blood can make some blood transfusions unsafe. The table shows the antigens and antibodies in the blood of people with different blood groups. blood group presence of A or B antigens on red blood cells presence of antibodies to A or B in plasma A A only anti-B only B B only anti-A only AB A and B neither O neither anti-A and anti-B Which blood groups can be given to a person with blood group A?
9700_s22_qp_13
MCQ
2022
Paper 1, Variant 3
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B-lymphocytes are activated to form plasma cells during immune responses. is a drawing of a plasma cell made from a transmission electron micrograph. R P S Q T State the name of the process that is occurring at T. Complete Table 2.1 to show the names and functions of the cell structures labelled P, Q, R and S in the plasma cell shown in . Table 2.1 cell structure in name of cell structure function of cell structure in plasma cell P Q R S Plasma cells can be used in the commercial production of some monoclonal antibodies. The method of production is known as the hybridoma method. Outline the steps in the production of monoclonal antibodies by the hybridoma method. Antibodies can be collected from human blood donors and used to treat people that may have been infected with a pathogen. This prevents them becoming ill with the disease. Explain why this treatment does not prevent people becoming ill if they are infected again with the same pathogen.
9700_s22_qp_21
THEORY
2022
Paper 2, Variant 1
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Food crops such as barley and wheat contain gluten. Gluten contains two proteins, glutenin and gliadin. Table 4.1 contains descriptions of the structures of glutenin and gliadin. Complete Table 4.1 by writing the level of protein structure that applies to each description. Table 4.1 description level of protein structure a gliadin protein is a single polypeptide that forms a compact structure 20% of the amino acids in a glutenin molecule are glycine gliadin and glutenin molecules contain regions of β-pleated sheets Many genes in eukaryotic cells contain introns. The genes that code for gliadin do not contain introns. Explain how a lack of introns in a gliadin gene affects the production of mRNA from the primary transcript. Coeliac disease is a condition in which the immune system of a person responds to gluten in their diet. In coeliac disease, there is a response to the presence of peptides (short chains of amino acids) that are produced as a result of gliadin digestion. The gliadin peptides produced as result of digestion are often as large as 33 amino acids in length. Intestinal cells take up large numbers of these peptides at the same time. Suggest and explain how gliadin peptides are transported into intestinal cells. The presence of gliadin causes the immune system of a person with coeliac disease to respond by producing anti-gliadin antibodies. Describe the sequence of events that results in the immune system producing anti- gliadin antibodies.
9700_s23_qp_23
THEORY
2023
Paper 2, Variant 3
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Questions Discovered
181