11.2. Antibodies and vaccination
A subsection of Biology, 9700, through 11. Immunity
Listing 10 of 181 questions
shows a method of producing monoclonal antibodies. mouse myeloma tumour cells are cultured in a medium that does not contain hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT) a mouse is injected with an antigen mutant myeloma cells that cannot grow in a culture medium containing HAT are selected spleen cells are removed from the mouse and cultured; these cells will survive in a medium containing HAT mutant myeloma and spleen cells are fused the fused cells are grown in a culture medium containing HAT the surviving cells are separated and cloned to give different cell lines, each secreting a particular monoclonal antibody the clones are tested for binding of their antibodies with the antigen and the most effective selected for production step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5 step 6 Name this method of producing monoclonal antibodies. Describe what is meant by the term monoclonal antibody. Describe, in detail, the molecular structure of one of the antibodies produced in step 6. You may wish to use an annotated diagram to answer the question. The mutant myeloma cells used in step 2 are myeloma cells with a gene mutation that prevents them from growing in a culture medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT). Suggest why cells with this gene mutation cannot grow in a culture medium containing HAT. Explain why the mutant myeloma cells can grow in a culture medium containing HAT after they have been fused with mouse spleen cells (steps 3 and 4). Suggest why growing the fused cells in a culture medium containing HAT (step 4) is an important part of the procedure shown in . Suggest advantages of using monoclonal antibodies for pregnancy testing.
9700_w10_qp_43
THEORY
2010
Paper 4, Variant 3
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White blood cells play an important role in defence. State precisely the type of white blood cell that fits each of the descriptions given in to . It is formed in the bone marrow and matures from a monocyte. It contains many lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes. It is formed, and matures in, the bone marrow. It contains a lobed nucleus and has the ability to ingest microorganisms by endocytosis. When activated, it differentiates into a cell that secretes a chemical, which causes other cells to lyse . It contains a large, spherical nucleus. It is formed as a result of a primary immune response and remains in the body. On activation, it has the potential to produce antibodies during a secondary immune response. In 1980, it was announced that the highly infectious viral disease, smallpox, had been eradicated. This was mainly due to a worldwide vaccination programme planned by the World Health Organization (WHO). Attempts have been made to control other diseases, such as measles, sickle cell anaemia and cholera, without the same success as smallpox. Define the term disease. Describe two features of the vaccine that contributed to the success of the smallpox eradication programme. 1. 2. Discuss the reasons why vaccination has not eradicated cholera and sickle cell anaemia. cholera sickle cell anaemia
9700_w11_qp_22
THEORY
2011
Paper 2, Variant 2
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181